LI B R.AFLY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 595.2 W48e cop. 2 Biology // 7 /- / '' L/'ljfc. Ol is book on or before the Date stam Ped below. L161 Q-1096 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA RUPERT L. WENZEL VERNON J. TIPTON Editors FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS NOVEMBER 22, 1966 Published with the assistance of Grants DA-MD-49-193-63-G73, G9211 United States Army Medical Research and Development Command As of March 1, 1966, Chicago Natural History Museum reas- sumed its former name, Field Museum of Natural History. As this volume was already in press, references to the museum remain unchanged throughout the text. Library of Congress Catalogue Card No. 64-25393 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 5-9 IT, . JL Contributors ROBERT M. ALTMAN, Ph. D., Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps, Entomology Consultant, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.; formerly Chief, Environmental Branch, Office of the Chief Surgeon, United States Army, Caribbean, Fort Amador, Canal Zone. ALFREDO BARRERA, Ph. D., Jefe, Laboratorio de Biologia Economica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Institute Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, D. F. JAMES M. BRENNAN, Ph. D., Research Entomologist (Medical), Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Na- tional Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and Middle America Research Unit, Canal Zone. K. C. EMERSON, Ph. D., Stillwater, Oklahoma; Research Associate, United States Na- tional Museum, Washington, D. C. GRAHAM B. FAIRCHILD, Ph. D., Medical Entomologist, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama, Panama. DEANE P. FURMAN, Ph. D., Professor of Parasitology and Chairman of Division, Uni- versity of California, Berkeley. LINDOLPHO R. GUIMARAES, Ph. D., Director (Retired), Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, Brazil. CHARLES O. HANDLEY, JR., Ph. D., Associate Curator, Mammals, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. PHILIP HERSHKOVITZ, M. S., Research Curator, Division of Mammals, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Illinois. PHYLLIS T. JOHNSON, Ph. D., Assistant Research Pathobiologist, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at Irvine ; formerly with Gorgas Memorial Labora- tory, Panama, Panama. CHARLES M. KEENAN, B. G. S., Supervisory Biologist, Environmental Health Branch, Office of the Chief Surgeon, United States Army Forces Southern Command, Fort Amador, Canal Zone. :V>ALICJA KIEWLICZ, B.Sc., Assistant, Division of Insects, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Illinois. GLEN M. KOHLS, M. S., Sanitarian Director, Department of Health, Education and Wel- fare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Al- lergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. EUSTORGIO MENDEZ, M. S., Medical Entomologist, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama, Panama. HAROLD D. NEWSON, Ph. D., Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps, Chief, Entomol- ogy Research Section, United States Army Medical Research and Development Com- mand, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. FRANK J. RADOVSKY, Ph. D., Postgraduate Research Parasitologist, The George Williams Hooper Foundation, San Francisco, California ; formerly Acting Assistant Professor, Department of Parasitology and Entomology, University of California, Berkeley. RUSSELL W. STRANDTMANN, Ph. D., Professor of Biology, Texas Technological College, Lubbock. VERNON J. TIPTON, Ph. D., Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps; Chief, Entomology Branch, Medical Field Service School, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas; formerly Chief, Environmental Health Branch, Office of the Chief Surgeon, United States Army Caribbean, Fort Amador, Canal Zone. RUPERT L. WENZEL, Ph. D., Curator, Division of Insects, Chicago Natural History Mu- seum, Chicago, Illinois; Lecturer, Department of Zoology, University of Chicago; Research Associate, Department of Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. CONRAD E. YUNKER, Ph. D., Senior Scientist, Department of Health, Education and Wel- fare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Al- lergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and Middle America Research Unit, Canal Zone. " " " " ERRATA ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA p. x, line 28 for "authorized" read: "authored" p. 200, line 28 for "singe" read: "single" p. 420, line 7 for "posterior" read: "proximal (anterior)" " " 10 " "anterior" " "distal (posterior)" 1 A. " " " " " 30-31 " "posterior" " "proximal (anterior)" p. 436, line 12 for "116" read: "96" " 13 " "43" " "22" p. 518, line 8 for "Almirante" read: "Changuinola" p. 528, 9 of text ' "setae in dunni" read: "setae. In dunni" p. 570, line 7 for "Playo" read: "Playa" p. 575, line 16 p. 598, lineS for "1" read: "6" p. 602, line 19 add: "Paratypes deposited in the collections listed on p. 410." p. 609, line 5 for "Guanote" read: "Guanota" 39 add: "Paratypes deposited in the collections of Field Museum of Natural History, the United States National Museum, Universidad Central de Venezuela, and the Environmental Health Branch, USAFSC, at Corozal (Canal Zone)." p. 620, last line delete: "11 (1 bat) Juan Mina (Canal Zone), 28 July 1960" p. 622, line 30 add: "Paratypes deposited in the collections listed on p. 410." p. 622, last line delete: " . From Artibeus lituratus" p. 623, line 1 for "2 August" read: "30 August" p. 698, lines 13, 14 for "50" and " 300" read : "40" and " 200" p. 709, lines 24, 25 for "III" and "IV", read: "IV and "III" p. 716, line 40 for "50" and "300" read: "40" and "200" p. 734, line 39 " " " " " " " p. 797, line 21 for "Coleopterg" read: "Coleoptera" Foreword The well-known difficulties presented by malaria and yellow fever dur- ing the construction of the Panama Canal served to focus the interest of medical entomologists upon this area of the world. The continuing presence of these and other arthropod-borne diseases has maintained this interest at a high level in the years following the completion of the canal. Much of the work in this interim period has been concerned with those aspects of tropical diseases that are directly associated with the attempts of humans to estab- lish and maintain a healthy environment in the tropics for themselves and their domestic animals. As more information is obtained concerning the natural ecology of arthropod-borne human and animal diseases in tropical areas, however, the need for a more complete understanding of host-parasite relationships becomes more apparent and the potential importance of both vertebrates and invertebrates as vectors or reservoirs of disease is ap- preciated more fully. The geographical location of the Panamanian Isthmus has made it a region of interchange between the fauna of North and South America as well as being a part of the area in which the autochthenous fauna of Middle America has developed. The climate, geological history, and varied physiography of Panama have combined to produce varied environments having a rather rich ectoparasite fauna in which unique and complex host- parasite relationships have developed. It is with these that the investiga- tions reported here are concerned. This volume presents the results of rather extensive studies concerning ectoparasites of the vertebrate fauna of Panama, and to a lesser degree, their hosts. While the results of these studies have indicated the variety of ectoparasites to be found in this rather limited geographical area and some- thing of the complexities of the host-parasite relationships that occur there, it is recognized that the information available for some of the groups is meager and incomplete. There still are remote areas of Panama in which the ectoparasite fauna remains virtually unstudied and it is quite certain that future work will result in additions being made to the species now known to be present. It is the authors' hope that this publication will be use- ful to those concerned with tropical environments and will stimulate other investigators to continue to work toward a more complete understanding of the many problems still remaining in these areas. HAROLD D. NEWSON Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps United States Army Medical Research and Development Command Washington, D. C. vii Preface This volume deals with major groups of ectoparasites of vertebrates, primarily those of mammals, in Panama. The Mallophaga of birds, the Analgesidae, and the smaller families of mites such as the Myobiidae, Sarcoptidae, and Listrophoridae are not included. The Spelaeorhynchidae (bat mites) and Polyctenidae (bat bugs), although not treated in separate papers, have been identified to genus and included under their hosts in the comprehensive host parasite list near the end of the volume. Records that have been published for these in the past have also been included in the list. The contributors are aware that many described and undescribed species in the groups treated are yet to be collected in Panama and that many taxonomic problems are yet to be solved. This work should not be considered as a definitive treatise on the groups discussed, but rather as a starting point for the study of the complex taxonomic, biological, and epidemiological prob- lems that are encountered in this important area of the world. In editing the book, a number of unique problems arose, chiefly because of the diverse subject material and differing taxonomic formats used by the various contributors, the use made of a complete volume as contrasted with that of reprints, and because some of the papers had been prepared before the decision was made to incorporate them in one volume. Thus, consistency of treatment was not always possible. Acknowledgments The preparation of this volume has required the active participation and cooperation of so many agencies and individuals that it would be difficult to list them all here or to acknowledge and assess their individual contributions. The role played by many of them is acknowledged by Dr. Fairchild and others in the Introduction and elsewhere. The field investigations and study of the material collected were effected through the close collaboration of personnel of various federal agencies in Panama, notably the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, the Middle America Re- search Unit (National Institutes of Health), the United States Army, and the Smithsonian Institution. The Army Transportation Corps provided much of the transportation for collecting trips, some of them to remote and virtually inaccessible areas. Some of the collaborating specialists not asso- ciated with the above agencies also participated in field investigations. Spe- ix PREFACE cial acknowledgment is due Mr. Charles M. Keenan of the Environmental Health Branch, United States Army Caribbean, and Dr. Charles 0. Handley, of the Smithsonian Institution, whose knowledge, field experience, and ener- gies contributed greatly to the success of the field program ; and Mr. Pedro Galindo of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory whose assistance in expediting the field surveys was invaluable. The collaboration of Dr. Handley, who has concurrently been preparing a monograph on the mammals of Panama, was indispensable to many phases of the project. The encouragement and support of Colonel Robert Traub, Medical Service Corps (Retired) formerly Chief, Entomology Research Section, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army and of his successor, Lieutenant Colonel Harold D. Newson, Medical Service Corps, played a major role in the realization of the volume. Much of the field work of Lt. Col. Vernon J. Tipton, Charles M. Keenan, and Charles O. Handley was made possible through a research grant to Lt. Col. Tipton by the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command. Publication costs were assisted by similar grants to the Chicago Natural History Museum, with Rupert L. Wenzel as Principal Investigator and Lt. Col. Tipton as Principal Professional Assistant. The editorial work, too, required the active cooperation of many indi- viduals. Grateful acknowledgment is given the following : Dr. Graham B. Fairchild, who reviewed most of the manuscripts before submitting them to be prepared for publication ; various of the staff of the Division of Insects, Chicago Natural History Museum, including Miss Ella Fojtik, former secretary, who retyped major parts of the manuscripts sub- mitted for publication ; Mary Ryan Wenzel, who typed the index and all of the manuscripts authorized jointly by the editors; and Alicja Kiewlicz My- szkowski, technician, who carefully and painstakingly did a large part of the indexing ; and especially Christina Johnson Fowler who was responsible for much of the editing, proofreading, and make-up, and for the typographic de- sign of the book. She also assisted in other phases of the work, including the compilation of the comprehensive host-parasite list, a complex and difficult task. RUPERT L. WENZEL VERNON J. TIPTON Editors Contents FOREWARD Vii by Harold D. Newson PREFACE ix by Rupert L. Wenzel and Vernon J. Tipton INTRODUCTION 1 by Graham B. Fairchild GAZETTEER OF COLLECTING LOCALITIES IN PANAMA 9 by Graham B. Fairchild and Charles O. Handley, Jr. MITES OF THE SUBFAMILY LAELAPTINAE IN PANAMA (ACARINA: LAELAPTIDAE) 23 by Vernon J. Tipton, Robert M. Altman, and Charles M. Keenan THE DERMANYSSID MITES OF PANAMA (ACARINA: DERMANYSSIDAE) 83 by Conrad E. Yunker and Frank J. Radovsky THE GENUS Hirstionyssus FONSECA IN PANAMA (ACARINA: DERMANYSSIDAE) 105 by Russell W. Strandtmann and Conrad E. Yunker THE SPINTURNICID MITES OF PANAMA (ACARINA: SPINTURNICIDAE) 125 by Deane P. Furman THE TICKS OF PANAMA (ACARINA : IXODOIDEA) 167 by Graham B. Fairchild, Glen M. Kohls, and Vernon J. Tipton THE CHIGGERS OF PANAMA (ACARINA: TROMBICULIDAE) 221 by James M. Brennan and Conrad E. Yunker MALLOPHAGA OF THE MAMMALS OF PANAMA 267 by K. C. Emerson CHECKLIST OF THE SUCKING LICE OF PANAMA (ANOPLURA) 273 by Rupert L. Wenzel and Phyllis T. Johnson NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS Amblyopinus SOLSKY FROM PANAMA AND MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) 281 by Alfredo Barrera THE FLEAS ( SIPHONAPTERA) OF PANAMA 289 by Vernon J. Tipton and Eustorgio Mendez xi CONTENTS CHECKLIST OF THE HIPPOBOSCIDAE OF PANAMA (DIPTERA: HIPPOBOSCIDAE) 387 by Graham B. Fairchild NYCTEBIBIID BATFLIES FROM PANAMA (DIPTERA: NYCTERIBIIDAE) 393 by Lindolpho R. Guimaraes THE STREBLID BATFLIES OF PANAMA (DIPTERA: STREBLIDAE) 405 by Rupert L. Wenzel, Vernon J. Tipton, and Alicja Kiewlicz SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MAMMAL HOSTS AND THEIR ECTOPARASITES 677 by Rupert L. Wenzel and Vernon J. Tipton MICE, LAND BRIDGES AND LATIN AMERICAN FAUNAL INTERCHANGE 725 by Philip Hershkovitz CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF PANAMA 753 by Charles O. Handley, Jr. APPENDIX. CLASSIFIED LIST OF HOSTS AND PARASITES 797 INDEX . . . 825 xii Introduction GRAHAM B. FAiRCHiLD 1 Study of the ectoparasites of vertebrates has been greatly intensified since World War II, chiefly because of an increased interest in zoonoses, diseases of animals communicable to man. Particular emphasis has been placed on the underdeveloped areas of the world, including large parts of tropical America, whose ectoparasite fauna is still poorly known. The ex- perience of medical entomologists has shown that taxonomic and ecological studies of animal reservoirs and vectors are essential to investigating the epidemiology of arthropod-borne diseases and must precede any organized effort to control them. The importance of ectoparasites in the epidemiology of such diseases is aptly illustrated by the role of fleas in the transmission of plague, of trombiculid mites in scrub typhus, of ticks in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The attention of medical entomologists was first focused on Panama by the classical work with yellow fever and malaria during the building of the Canal. Through the control of these and other diseases, a safe and sanitary environment was rapidly established in the Canal Zone, and shortly thereafter in Panama. This enabled trained personnel to reside in the area for long periods of time and to conduct extended field and laboratory investigations of other arthropod-borne diseases and of the natural his- tory and resources of Panama. The providing of adequate facilities and of an atmosphere congenial to research at the Board of Health Laboratory at Ancon, under the leader- ship of research-minded Samuel Taylor Darling, directed the interest of several persons toward medical entomology. Notable among them was Lawrence H. Dunn, who produced the first work of any consequence on the ectoparasites of Panama (1916, et seq.). The initiation of biological surveys of the Canal Zone under the aus- pices of the Smithsonian Institution further stimulated interest in the 1 Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama, Panama. 1 2 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA area and led to the publication of Goldman's Mammals of Panama in 1910 and Standley's Flora of the Panama Canal Zone in 1928. In this period, too, the volumes by Meek and Hildebrand on the fishes of Panama, both fresh water and marine, were published by the Field Museum (now the Chicago Natural History Museum) . In 1924, the opening of the field lab- oratory on Barro Colorado Island provided much-needed facilities for work in the area. Many of the scientists who worked on the island collected ectoparasites. In 1929, the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory was established as a research institute for tropical medicine. From its beginning, it was a center for studies in medical entomology; staff members published papers on ecto- parasites and furnished material for specialists elsewhere. In 1943, Fair- child listed most of the then-known ectoparasites of Panama (excluding the Mallophaga and the pupiparous Diptera) , a total of 63 species and subspecies belonging to 21 genera. He also gave a partial bibliography of relevant publications. In 1956, a systematic survey of the ectoparasite fauna of Panama was initiated by Major (now Lt. Colonel) Robert M. Altman. By 1959 a con- siderable backlog of information and unworked material relating to Pan- amanian ectoparasites had accumulated, both in Panama and in various collections elsewhere. The fortuitous circumstances which brought to- gether Drs. Conrad E. Yunker and James M. Brennan at the Middle America Research Unit, Major Vernon J. Tipton with the Army Environ- mental Health Branch, and Dr. Phyllis T. Johnson, Mr. Eustorgio Mendez, and Dr. Graham B. Fairchild at the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, all in- terested in ectoparasites, proved mutually stimulating. These workers con- tinued the project begun by Major Altman. Field work by Dr. Alexander Wetmore on the birds of Panama and by Dr. Charles O. Handley on the mammals, together with field investigations of arthropod-borne virus diseases that were being carried out by Mr. Pedro Galindo of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, offered unrivaled opportunities to make extensive collections in remote areas that would have otherwise been difficult to reach. Thus, the ectoparasites of Panama have been more thoroughly collected than those of any other area of comparable size in trop- ical America. In the course of this survey, over 360 species of blood-sucking ectopara- sites, representing more than 120 genera were collected. Of these, 15 genera and more than 115 species were new. As a consequence it became necessary to enlist the aid of other specialists to study and report on the material collected. Because of the difficulties encountered in identifying the numerous species in diverse groups and the widely scattered literature on the subject, Major Vernon J. Tipton and Dr. Rupert L. Wenzel suggested the desir- ability of bringing together the papers resulting from these studies and, thus, to incorporate in one volume most of what is known about the ecto- parasites of a single area. It seemed particularly appropriate that this should be done for Panama because of its significance in the history of medical entomology. The enthusiastic cooperation of the participating FAIRCHILD: INTRODUCTION 3 specialists, the officials of the Chicago Natural History Museum, and the United States Army (Medical Research and Development Command, Office of the Surgeon General) made this possible. The fauna of Panama is of special interest, because the isthmian region is the only dry-land bridge between North and South America. Knowledge of the present Panama fauna is of great importance in understanding the movements and distribution of the animals of both continents. Further- more, the relatively small land area, with its great diversity of habitats and climatic zones, contains an unusually rich fauna of manageable size. It is believed, therefore, that the following papers, although primarily taxonomic in purpose, will prove of basic usefulness not only to those en- gaged in studies of zoonoses in this area, but also those with broader zoological interests. The Republic of Panama occupies the isthmus between North and South America. It is a roughly S-shaped area with its long axis running approximately east and west. It lies between 7 09' and 9 37' North lati- tude, and 77 09' and 85 01' West longitude, hence wholly within the trop- ics and about 1200 miles directly south of Miami, Florida. It is bounded on the west by the Republic of Costa Rica, on the north by the Caribbean sea, on the east by the Republic of Colombia, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. It has a maximum east-west extension of about 475 miles, and a north-south extension of about 225 miles, but because of its shape no straight east-west line passes wholly over land and no point within the country is much more than 30 miles from salt water. The exact area is not known ; published figures vary from 28,000 to 33,000 square miles. Physically the country is dominated by a backbone range of moun- tains, the continental divide, consisting largely of igneous rocks and in- cluding a number of now extinct volcanos. This range is highest in west- ern Panama; elevations of over 11,000 feet are reached, the highest point being El Baru (Volcan Chiriqui), at 11,410 feet. Eastward, the divide drops to lower elevations ; the low point of 316 feet is reached at the Canal Zone, whence the range continues at around 2500 feet to near the Col- ombian border, where elevations of over 5000 feet are reached. For the most part the continental divide is closer to the Caribbean coast than to the Pacific, with the result that most of the agriculturally developed land is on the Pacific side, as are all but one of the major rivers. Geologically the underlying structure is complex, reflecting a history of repeated changes, although at the present time the land is comparatively stable, and no serious earthquakes have occurred in recent times. Sed- imentary rocks of tertiary age alternate with igneous intrusions and flows of lava and beds of ash. There is much folding and faulting. The soils are in general rather acid clays of low fertility, although areas with com- paratively good soils do exist, especially in Chiriqui Province and the low- lands of Darien and Bocas del Toro Provinces. There are no large bodies of fresh water except for the artificial Gatun and Madden Lakes in the Canal Zone. Except for the lower reaches of the Tuira in Darien Province, rivers are rapid and shallow and not navigable except by dugout canoe and similar craft. There are extensive freshwater and tidal coastal swamps 4 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA on both coasts, especially at the mouths of the numerous rivers. On the Pacific coast, notably within the Gulf of Panama, the tidal range is great, reaching 18 feet or more, while on the Caribbean coast it is barely two feet. Much of the coast line is rocky and precipitous or fringed with man- grove swamp and mud flats, though sand beaches occur in favorable local- ities on both coasts. Originally most of the country was covered with forest, except for some drier areas along the Pacific coast which appear to have been grassland since prehistoric times. Man's agricultural activities in the past few cen- turies have changed much of this, especially on the more densely populated Pacific coastal plain, so that forest in this area is reduced to scrub on steep hillsides and narrow gallery forest along streams. The predominant and somewhat primitive agricultural practice consists of cutting and burning forest in the dry season to plant a crop in the ashes. A new patch of forest is destroyed each year, so that virgin forest in all accessible areas is rapidly disappearing. Repeated burnings prevent reforestation. This results in increasing areas of grassland, unsuitable for further agricultural use and with very depauperate fauna. Panama has a hot, tropical climate which is somewhat tempered by the proximity of the sea. Temperatures at sea level in the Canal Zone area seldom go below 70F. or above 90F. though extremes of about 60 and 96 are sometimes encountered. Information is scanty for many areas, but in general extremes are slightly greater on the drier Pacific coast than on the Caribbean, and lower temperatures prevail at higher elevations. The diurnal temperature range is not great, seldom more than 10F. Hot nights are rare. The year is divided into two climatic seasons, wet and dry, which are much more pronounced on the Pacific side than on the Atlantic. The wet or rainy season, known locally as invierno, or winter, generally extends from about the middle of April to the middle of December, al- though it varies greatly in duration and intensity locally and from year to year. During the rainy season, rain is to be expected on any day, most often in the afternoon and generally in the form of heavy local thunderstorms. Occasionally there are widespread rains of long duration, especially from October to December. Rainfall may be exceedingly heavy, up to 2.48 inches in 5 minutes and over 10 inches in a single 24-hour period. Annual average rainfall varies from year to year and place to place, but it is generally heaviest along the Caribbean coast on the mountain slopes and least along the Pacific coast west of the Canal Zone. As much as 247 inches in a single year have been recorded from Porto Bello on the Caribbean and as little as 25 inches at Naos Island at the Pacific entrance of the Canal. Greater rainfall probably occurs in some mountain areas. Relative humidity is generally high, seldom below 60 percent during the day and almost always above 90 percent at night. During the dry season, the lo- cal verano or summer, there may be no rain, at least on the Pacific side, for as much as four months, and seldom is more than an inch a month recorded for the months from January through March. The Caribbean slope and moun- tains usually receive occasional showers, and in the wetter areas there is no real dry season. FAIRCHILD: INTRODUCTION 5 Winds are seldom strong, and windspeeds of over 30 m.p.h. are excep- tional. Panama is outside the hurricane belt. During the rainy season light and variable winds from the south are common or on occasion there may be strong winds of short duration, accompanying thunderstorms. During the dry season, the North East tradewinds may blow fairly steadily from January through March. Politically the country is divided into nine provinces and the Intendencia of San Bias. Of these, Bocas del Toro, Colon, and San Bias lie wholly on the Caribbean coast; Veraguas fronts on both coasts, and the remaining provinces are wholly on the Pacific side of the continental divide. The Canal Zone is a strip about 10 miles wide from coast to coast dividing Colon and Panama provinces. Detailed delineation of life zones in Panama has hardly begun. Gold- man in his Mammals of Panama (1920) discusses the problem and gives a provisional map. Standley in his Flora of the Panama Canal Zone (1928) devotes several pages to general descriptions of the plant associations in the Canal Zone. Holdridge and Budowski in a recent report (1955) discuss life zones in more detail, giving a map showing four life zones : Tropical, up to 600 meters altitude on the Atlantic coast, to 700 meters on the Pacific ; Subtropical, from 600 or 700 to 1500 meters ; Lower Montane, up to 2600 meters and Montane, over 2600 meters. These zones are further divided into dry, wet, and transition divisions. In general, the Tropical zone com- prises 76 percent of the republic, the Subtropical about 18 percent, the Lower Montane and Montane together about 5 percent, the last occurring only on the highest mountains in Chiriqui Province. The classification is based largely on considerations of temperature, precipitation and forest asso- ciations. The mountainous nature of much of the country results in limited areas of high rainfall with associated rain shadows. This, coupled with edaphic and underlying geological features of circumscribed extent, cause abrupt changes in the vegetation cover over relatively short distances and render general statements subject to numerous exceptions. Thus, relatively low hills within a few miles of each other may have quite different vegetation and associated faunas. The same mountain may be clothed in grass and xero- phytic scrub on its leeward side and dense fog forest on the windward side with practically no zone of transition. For present purposes, and until much more detailed information is available, the country may be divided into three zones : below 1000 feet ; from 1000 to 5000 feet ; and over 5000 feet. These correspond very roughly to the Tropical, Subtropical and combined Submontane and Montane zones of Holdridge and Budowski. The collections reported in this group of papers have come very largely from elevations below 5000 feet, with some rep- resentation from areas in Chiriqui Province from above 10,000 ft. The ac- companying map indicates these three zones. A few collecting localities that are representative of these zones are described below. Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) is a small village located on the slopes of Volcan Baru at an elevation of about 6000 feet. Extensive collections of mammals and ectoparasites were made in this vicinity (Bambito, Finca Lara, Casa 6 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Tilley, Finca Martinz) at elevations of from 4800 feet to over 8000 feet. Rainfall is moderately heavy, and the dry season is distinct though not intense. The heavy forest is representative of the humid upper Tropical Zone, with oaks and bamboo occurring at the higher levels. The area is rapidly being cleared for coffee and vegetable crops. Finca Lerida (Chiriqui) is a coffee farm between Boquete and Cerro Punta on the slopes of Volcan Baru at an elevation of between 5000 and 6000 feet. An area of virgin forest near the farm was preserved until 1955, but most of the adjacent area is now used for coffee and vegetable crops and for pasture. The former owner and his wife, Mr. and Mrs. T. B. Monniche, were interested in natural history, collected birds, and were hosts to many visiting naturalists, a number of whom collected ectoparasites. Almirante (Bocas del Toro) is the headquarters town for large banana and cacao plantations operated by the Chiriqui Land Company. Extensive collections were made from August 1951 through May 1953 at a camp es- tablished about 12 miles southwest of the town for the study of sylvan yellow fever. From 1959 to 1962, collections were made at several other localities within a few miles of the town. All collecting localities are below 500 feet, and most are lower. They include virgin forest as well as swamp forest, second growth, and land under cacao and banana cultivation. Pre- cipitation is high throughout the area. There is no pronounced dry season and no month regularly has less than three inches of rainfall. The town is situated on the Chiriqui Lagoon. Isla Bastimentos and Cayo Agua (Water Key) are islands in the Lagoon. Rio Changena, lower camp (Bocas del Toro) was a temporary camp on an eastern tributary of the Rio Changuinola, about 20 miles inland, at an elevation of 2400 feet. The area is one of heavy tropical forest with continu- ous high rainfall throughout the year. Collections were made during Sep- tember 1961, within a radius of two miles of the camp, and up to eleva- tions of 3000 feet. Rain fell on more than half the days during this time. The ground was continuously wet, in degrees ranging from moist to sat- urated. Rio Changena, upper camp, or Rancho Mojica (Bocas del Toro), a small coffee farm, is located about 10 miles from the continental divide on the Atlantic side, at an elevation of 4800 feet. The collecting area is a tropical rain forest surrounding a four or five acre plot, once cleared but now sup- porting some secondary growth. A stream runs near the lower fringe of the clearing. Collections were made along the stream and along a trail on a high ridge ranging in elevation from 5000 to 5650 feet. The climate during the collecting period seemed drier than that at the lower camp. Cerro Hoya (Los Santos) is a mountain area behind Las Palmitas. The higher elevations are heavily forested and appear to have abundant rain- fall. Mammal and ectoparasite collections were made here from 11 January 1962 to 2 March 1962 at elevations between about 1000 and 3000 feet. Las Palmitas (Los Santos) is a small settlement at the foot of Cerro Hoya, near the Pacific coast. The area is relatively dry, with an intense dry season. The land has been long under cultivation and little of the original vegetation remains. FAIRCHILD: INTRODUCTION 7 Canal Zone. Numerous collections, all at low elevations, have been made on both sides of the isthmus in the Zone. Because of restrictions on agricultural use of land within the Zone, there are many areas of nearly un- disturbed forest. On the Caribbean coast, in the Camp Pina and Mohinga Swamp areas, there are patches of virgin rain forest. Barro Colorado Is- land and Madden Forest provide successively drier habitats. In general, the rainfall pattern in this area is modified by the low elevation. The Caribbean coast is somewhat drier than adjacent areas and the Pacific coast has a less intense dry season than areas farther west. Considerable trapping was done in and about townsites and military installations, in small patches of second growth forest, scrub and grassland. Many collections have come from animals found dead on highways and from bats taken in abandoned buildings, road culverts, and old mine tunnels. Cerro Pirre or upper Rio Seteganti (Darien) is the location of a tempo- rary camp, used during January and February 1961. It was situated on the western edge of a sloping valley or plateau, between the Cerro Pirre range and Cerro Setetule, one mile south of the Rio Seteganti and 26 air miles to the south of El Real. The elevation of this camp was about 1500 feet, in an area of tropical rain forest broken by occasional marshy meadows and fields of wild cane. Collections were made in the valley itself and along a long, narrow, gently sloping spur, perpendicular to the Cerro Pirre range, up to an elevation of 3500 feet. Except for occasional trails of rubber col- lectors leading toward the nearby Colombian border, there is no evidence of human habitation of this area since the nearby Cana mines were closed about 45 years ago. Weather data for this area is fragmentary. Judging from the dearth of deciduous trees and the abundance of surface water noted during the dry season, this area is more like the modified rain forest of the Atlantic Coast than the tropical wet and dry or Savanna Forest of the Pacific slopes. References FAIRCHILD, G. B. 1943. An annotated list of the bloodsucking insects, ticks and mites known from Panama. Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), pp. 569-591. GOLDMAN, E. A. 1920. Mammals of Panama. Smiths. Misc. Coll., 69, (5) , (Publ. 2498) , pp. 1-309, pis. 1-39, text figs. 1-24. HOLDRIDGE, L. R., AND BUDOWSKI, G. 1955. Report of an ecological survey of the Republic of Panama. (Technical Coop- eration program of the I.A.I.A.S. of the O.A.S.). Unpublished. STANDLEY, P. C. 1928. Flora of the Panama Canal Zone. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., 27, pp. i-x, 1-416, pis. 1-66, text figs. 1-7. Gazetteer of Collecting Localities in Panama GRAHAM B. FAIRCHILD l and CHARLES 0. HANDLEY, JR. 2 The Panamanian collecting localities mentioned in this volume are in- dexed in this gazetteer. Section I is an index to province of all collecting lo- calities. In Section II, the localities are arranged by province and have been identified as precisely as possible, usually to the nearest minute of latitude and longitude. 3 However, it should be realized that the exact collecting sites in many instances may be miles away from the center of the town, or summit of the mountain, or bank of the stream indexed. Names of mountains, rivers, ranches, forts, islands, etc., are to be found under the specific name. For example, Cerro Mali will be found under Mali, Cerro, and Rio Chagres under Chagres, Rio. Elevations in feet above sea level have been given for all collecting sites above 1000 feet. In this instance the figures relate as nearly as possible to the elevation of actual collecting sites rather than to the elevation of the town or mountain indexed. To facilitate rapid discovery of the general position of collecting locali- ties, all localities have been related to 50 key localities which are identified by number in the gazetteer and on the accompanying map. This map and the gazetteer should be used in conjunction with more detailed maps, pref- erably the one used as a basis for determining the coordinates (see foot- note) or the Millionth Map of Hispanic America (American Geographical Society, Publication No. 5). The Road Map of Canal Zone and Vicinity, prepared by the Engineer Service (Corozal, Canal Zone), United States Army Caribbean, is also very useful, though much less detailed. The gazetteer was compiled after most other portions of the volume were in galley proof. Consequently it is possible that some of the errors in spell- ing or altitude that existed in the systematic reports may not have been corrected. If any are discovered, or if additional localities can be more pre- cisely identified, information on them will be received with thanks by the compilers and the editors. 1 Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama, Panama. - Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 3 The three part map of the Republic of Panama, scale 1:500,000, produced by USARCARIB, was used as a base for the determination of all coordinates. 10 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Section I. Index of Localities to Province Achiote, Colon Afuera, Isla, Veraguas Agua, Cayo, Bocas del Toro Aguadulce (15), Cocle Aguas Buenas, Panama Albrook Field, Canal Zone Alhajuela, Canal Zone Almijas, Isla, Chiriqui Almirante (2), Bocas del Toro Altos Cacao, Veraguas Amador, Fort, Canal Zone Amagal, Darien Ancon, Canal Zone Anton, Cocle Armila (49), San Bias Arraijan, Panama Aruza, Darien Aspinwall, Colon Avaso, Rio, Panama Azuero, Peninsula de, Herrera, Los Santos, Veraguas Azul, Cerro (37), Panama Balboa, Canal Zone Bambito, Chiriqui Barro Colorado Island (29), Canal Zone Baru, Cerro, Chiriqui Bas Obispo, Canal Zone Bastimentos, Isla, Bocas del Toro Bayano, Rio, Panama Bejuco, Panama Boca de Cupe, Darien Boca del Drago, Bocas del Toro Bogavo, Chiriqui Bohio, Canal Zone Bonita, Quebrada, Colon Boqueron, Chiriqui Boquete (5), Chiriqui Boquete-Volcan Trail, Chiriqui Boracho, Loma, Canal Zone Borinquen Road, Canal Zone Brava, Isla, Chiriqui Bruja, Cerro, Colon Bubi, Rio, Veraguas Buena Vista, Colon Bugaba, Chiriqui Burica, Punta, Chiriqui Butz, Finca, Chiriqui Caballero, Rancho, Bocas del Toro Cabima, Panama Cacao Plantation, Canal Zone Calidonia, Panama Calobre, Veraguas Calovebora, Veraguas Calzada Larga (26), Panama Camoganti, Darien Campana, Cerro, Panama Cana, Darien Cana, Loma, Darien Canal de Afuera, Isla, Veraguas Candela, Rio, Chiriqui Candelaria Hydrographic Station, Panama Cangandi, Rio, San Bias Capeti, Darien Capina, Herrera Capira, Panama Carasquilla, Panama Cardenas, Canal Zone Casa Larga (26), Panama Casaya, Rio, Canal Zone Casita, Darien Casita Alta, Chiriqui Cativa (or Catival), Colon Cativo, Panama Cebaco, Isla, Veraguas Cement Plant, Colon Cerro Punta (4), Chiriqui Cerro Punta-Boquete Trail, Chiriqui Chagres, Camp, Canal Zone Chagres, Rio, Canal Zone Chame (19), Panama Changena, Rio (3), Bocas del Toro Changuinola, Bocas del Toro Changuinola, Rio, Bocas del Toro Chapera, Isla, Panama Charco del Toro, Panama Chepigana, Darien Chepo (40), Panama Chico, Canal Zone Chilibre, Panama Chilibrillo Caves, Panama Chiman (42), Panama Chiriqui, Volcan de, Chiriqui Chiriqui Viejo, Rio, Chiriqui Chiriquicito, Bocas del Toro Chiva Chiva, Canal Zone Chucunaque, Rio, Darien Cituro, Darien Clayton, Fort (24), Canal Zone Coco Solo, Canal Zone Cocoli, Canal Zone Cocos, Punta, Panama Coiba, Isla (9), Veraguas 4 Section I is an index to province of all collecting localities. In Section II, the localities are arranged by province. FAIRCHILD AND HANDLEY : GAZETTEER 11 Colon, Colon Colon, Isla, Bocas del Toro Colorado, Rio, Chiriqui Concepcion (6), Chiriqui Corozal, Canal Zone Corte Culebra Road, Canal Zone Cotito, Rio, Chiriqui Goto Region, Chiriqui Cristobal, Canal Zone Culebra, Canal Zone Curundu, Canal Zone Cylindro, Bocas del Toro Davala, Chiriqui David (7), Chiriqui Davis, Fort, Canal Zone Divala, Chiriqui Divisa, Herrera Donoso, Colon El Banco, Chiriqui El Baru, Chiriqui El Cope, Code El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui El Limon, Colon El Potrero, Code El Real (43), Darien El Valle (18), Code El Vijia, Canal Zone El Volcan, Chiriqui Emperador, Canal Zone Empire, Canal Zone Escobal (30), Colon Escudo de Veraguas, Isla (1), Bocas del Toro Esnape, Rio (48), Darien Farfan, Canal Zone France Field, Canal Zone Frijoles, Canal Zone Frijolito, Rio, Colon Galeta Island, Canal Zone Galeta Point, Canal Zone Gamboa (28), Canal Zone Gariche, Rio, Chiriqui Gatun, Canal Zone Gobernadora, Isla, Veraguas Goofy Lake, Panama Guanico, Los Santos Guayabalito, Colon Guayabito, Panama Guayabo, Darien Gulick, Fort (33), Canal Zone Howard Field, Canal Zone Hoya, Cerro (12), Los Santos Huile, Panama Indio, Rio, Canal Zone Insolita, Isla, Chiriqui Jaque (47), Darien Jefe, Cerro, Panama Jesucito, Rio, Darien Juan Diaz, Panama Juan Mina, Canal Zone Kobbe, Fort (22), Canal Zone K-9 Road, Canal Zone K-10 Road, Canal Zone La Boca, Canal Zone La Chorrera (20), Panama La Concepcion, Chiriqui La Laguna, Darien La Palma, Darien La Vaca, Rio de, Chiriqui La Zumbadora, Panama Lagartera, Canal Zone Lara, Finca, Chiriqui Las Cascadas, Canal Zone Las Cruces, Canal Zone Las Cruces Trail, Canal Zone Las Cumbres, Panama Las Palmitas, Los Santos Lava Flow, Chiriqui Lerida, Finca, Chiriqui Lewis, Casa, Chiriqui Limon, Rio, Darien Lion Hill, Canal Zone Llano Verde, Chiriqui Madden Airstrip, Panama Madden Dam (27), Canal Zone Madden Forest (25), Canal Zone Madden Road, Canal Zone Madden Wye, Canal Zone Maje, Rio, Panama Mali, Cerro, Darien Mamoni, Rio, Panama Mandinga (38), San Bias Mandinga, Rio, Canal Zone Margarita, Canal Zone Mariato, Rio, Veraguas Marraganti, Darien Martinz, Finca, Chiriqui Martinz Dairy, Chiriqui Maxon Ranch, Panama Miraflores, Canal Zone Mohinga Valley, Canal Zone Moja Polla, Rio, Panama Mojica, Rancho, Bocas del Toro Mojinga, Rio, Canal Zone Mono, Rio, Darien Monte Obscuro, Panama Mount Hope, Canal Zone 12 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Nueva Colonia, Chiriqui Nueva Gorgona, Panama Nuevo Emperador, Panama * Nuevo Limon (34), Colon Orchid Island, Canal Zone Pacheca, Isla, Panama Pacora (39), Panama Paitilla, Punta, Panama Paja, Panama Palenque, Colon Palo Santo, Chiriqui Panama (23), Panama Panama Viejo, Panama Pando, Cerro, Chiriqui Paracote, Veraguas Paraiso, Canal Zone Parida, Isla, Chiriqui Parita (14), Herrera Paya, Boca de Rio (44), Darien Paya Village, Darien Pearl Islands (41), Panama Pedasi (13), Los Santos Pedregal, Chiriqui Pedro Gonzales, Isla, Panama Pedro Miguel, Canal Zone Pelado, Cerro, Canal Zone Pelisa, Darien Peluca, Rio, Panama Pena, Punta de, Bocas del Toro Penonome (16), Code Pequeni, Rio (36), Panama Perlas, Archipielago de las (41), Panama Pese, Herrera Pina (31), Colon Pina, Camp, Canal Zone Pina, Punta, Darien Pinogana, Darien Pirre, Cerro, Darien Pital, Camp (6a), Chiriqui Pito, Rio, San Bias Porcada, Isla, Chiriqui Portobelo (or Porto Bello) (35), Colon Potuga, Herrera Prominente, Cerro, Panama Pucro, Rio, Darien Pueblo Nuevo, Chiriqui Pueblo Nuevo, Panama Puente, Rio, Panama Puerto Limon, Colon Puerto Obaldia, San Bias Puma Island, Canal Zone Punusa, Boca de Rio, Darien Quarry Heights, Canal Zone Randolph, Fort, Canal Zone Real de Santa Maria, Darien Red Tank, Canal Zone Remedies (8), Chiriqui Represo, Canal Zone Rey, Isla del, Panama Rio Aba jo, Panama Rio Chico Hydrographic Station, Panama Rio Hato (17), Code Risco, Boca de Rio, Bocas del Toro Rodman Naval Station, Canal Zone Sabanas, Panama Saboga, Isla, Panama Salamanca Hydrographic Station, Canal Zone Salto de Madrono, Panama Salud, Colon San Felix, Chiriqui San Francisco de la Caleta, Panama San Jose, Isla, Panama San Juan, Canal Zone San Lorenzo, Fort, Canal Zone San Miguel, Panama San Miguel, Isla, Panama San Pablo, Canal Zone Santa Clara, Chiriqui Santa Clara, Code Santa Clara, Quebrada, Chiriqui Santa Clara, Rio, Chiriqui Santa Cruz de Cana, Darien Santa Fe (11), Veraguas Santa Rosa, Colon Santiago (10), Veraguas Sapo, Cerro, Darien Sereno, Chiriqui Seteganti, Rio (46), Darien Sevilla, Isla, Chiriqui Sherman, Fort (32), Canal Zone Sibube, Bocas del Toro Siolo (or Siola), Chiriqui Sona, Veraguas Summit, Canal Zone Tabernilla, Canal Zone Taboga, Isla (21 ), Panama Taboguilla, Isla, Panama * Brennan and Yunker (see The Chiggers of Panama, elsewhere in this volume) refer collections from Nuevo Emperador to the Canal Zone. These collections were made in the Canal Zone near Nuevo Emperador. FAIRCHILD AND HANDLEY : GAZETTEER 13 Tacarcuna, Cerro, Darien Trinidad, Rio, Panama Tacarcuna Casita, Darien Tuira, Rio, Darien Tacarcuna Laguna, Darien Tacarcuna Village (45), Darien Venado Beach, Canal Zone Tacarcuna Yellow Fever Station, Darien Vieja, Punta, Bocas del Toro Tapalisa, Darien Viejo, Cerro, Veraguas Tapia, Panama Viejo, Rio, Veraguas Terebe, Rio, Bocas del Toro Vijia, Canal Zone Teribe, Rio, Bocas del Toro Villa Rosario, Panama Tigre, Cerro, Canal Zone Vique, Punta, Panama Tilley, Casa, Chiriqui Timi de Boa, Rio Teribe, Bocas del Toro Wald, Chiriqui Timishik, upper Rio Teribe, Bocas del Toro Tocumen, Panama Yaviza, Darien Section II. Index to Localities by Province BOCAS DEL TORO Agua, Cayo, 910'N-8202'W (near Almirante-2) Almirante (2), 918'N-8224'W Bastimentos, Isla, 919'N-8208'W (near Almirante-2) Boca del Drago, 926'N-8220'W (near Almirante-2) Caballero, Rancho, near 902'N-8241'W (near Rio Changena-3), 5000 feet Changena, Rio (3), 906'N-8234'W, 2300-2600 feet Changuinola, 927'N-8231'W (near Almirante-2) Changuinola, Rio, 922'N-8231'W (near Almirante-2) Chiriquicito, 857'N-8210'W (near Almirante-2) Colon, Isla, 924'N-8216'W (near Almirante-2) Cylindro (NE of Boquete on upper Caribbean slope, near Boquete-5), above 4000 feet Escudo de Veraguas, Isla (1), 906'N-8133'W Mojica, Rancho, near 902'N-8241'W (near Rio Changena-3), 4800-5600 feet Pena, Punta de (a point on Laguna de Chiriqui?) Risco, Boca de Rio, 916'N-8228'W (near Almirante-2) Sibube, 936'N-8247'W (near Almirante-2) Terebe, Rio (See: Rio Teribe) Teribe, Rio (=Rio Terabe), 924'N-8233'W (near Almirante-2) Timi de Boa, Rio Teribe (near Almirante-2) Timishik, Upper Rio Teribe (near Almirante-2) Vieja, Punta (=Punta Patino, 918'N-8204'W, or a point on Laguna de Chiriqui?) CANAL ZONE Albrook Field, 859'N-7934'W (near Fort Clayton-24) Alhajuela, 911'N-7938'W (old hydrographic station between highway bridge and Mad- den Dam-27) Amador, Fort, 855'N-7933'W (near Panama-23) Ancon, 857'N-7934'W (near Panama-23) Balboa, 857'N-7935'W (near Panama-23) Barro Colorado Island (29), 909'N-7951'W Bas Obispo, 906'N-7942'W (old village, now abandoned, on Panama Railroad, near Gamboa-28) Bohio, 910'N-7951'W (old station on Panama Railroad, now under water, near Barro Colorado Island-29) Boracho, Loma, 917'N-7956'W (near Fort Sherman-32) 14 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Borinquen Road (=K-2 Road), west bank, Pacific Side (near Fort Kobbe-22) Cacao Plantation, 906'N-7941'W (near Gamboa-28) Cardenas, 859'N-7935'W (near Fort Clayton-24) Casaya, Rio, 906'N-7941'W (near Gamboa-28) Chagres, Camp, 913'N-7937'W (near Madden Dam-27; records of 20-30 years ago may refer to a locality within Fort Sherman-32) Chagres, Rio, 908'N-7941'W (near Gamboa-28) Chico (probably Rio Chico Hydrographic Station, Panama, near Calzada Larga-26) Chiva Chiva, 901'N-7935'W (near Fort Clayton-24) Clayton, Fort (24), 859'N-7936'W Coco Solo, 921'N-7954'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Cocoli, 858'N-7936'W (near Fort Kobbe-22) Corozal, 858'N-7935'W (near Fort Clayton-24) Corte Culebra Road Cristobal, 920'N-7955'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Culebra, 903'N-7940'W (near Gamboa-28) Curundu, 859'N-7933'W (near Fort Clayton-24) Davis, Fort, 915'N-7956'W (near Fort Gulick-33) El Vijia (=Vijia), 912'N-7936'W (village, now under water, near Madden Dam-27) Emperador (See: Empire) Empire (= Emperador), 903'N-7941'W (old administrative center of Canal, on west bank, about halfway between Paraiso and Gamboa-28) Farfan, 855'N-7936'W (Near Fort Kobbe-22) France Field, 921'N-7953'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Frijoles, 910'N-7949'W (near Barro Colorado Island-29) Galeta Island, 923'N-7953'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Galeta Point, 923'N-7952'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Gamboa (28), 906'N-7942'W Gatun, 915'N-7956'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Gulick, Fort (33), 918'N-7953'W Howard Field, 854'N-7937'W (near Fort Kobbe-22) Indio, Rio, 915'N-7959'W (near Fort Sherman-32) Juan Mina, 909'N-7940'W (near Gamboa-28) Kobbe, Fort (22), 854'N-7936'W K-9 Road (parallels south bank of Rio Cocoli for 3.3 mi. between K-2 and K-6 roads; near Fort Kobbe-22) K-10 Road (extends 6.6 mi. NW from Arraijan to head of Rio Mandinga; near Fort Kobbe-22) La Boca, 856'N-7934'W (near Panama-23) Lagartera, 907'N-7958'W (village, now under water, near Escobal-30) Las Cascadas, 905'N-7942'W (near Gamboa-28) Las Cruces, 907'N-7941'W (village, now under water, near Gamboa-28) Las Cruces Trail (extends from Rio Chagres, above mouth of Rio Casaya, through Mad- den Forest, Chiva Chiva, Cardenas, and Curundu to Panama) Lion Hill, 913'N-7954'W (now an island in Gatun Lake, near Barro Colorado Island-29) Madden Dam (27), 913'N-7938'W Madden Forest (25), 905'N-7938'W Madden Road (=C-25 Road, extending between Paraiso and Madden Dam, and passing through Madden Forest) Madden Wye, 903'N-7939'W (near Madden Forest-25) Mandinga, Rio, 905'N-7942'W (near Gamboa-28) Margarita, 918'N-7954'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Miraflores, 859'N-7936'W (near Fort Clayton-24) Mohinga Valley (=Rio Mojinga), 918'N-7959'W (near Fort Sherman-32) Mojinga, Rio (See: Mohinga Valley) Mount Hope, 919'N-7954'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Orchid Island, 910'N-7952'W (near Barro Colorado Island-29) FAIRCHILD AND HANDLEY : GAZETTEER 15 Paraiso, 902'N-7939'W (near Madden Forest-25) Pedro Miguel, 901'N-7937'W (near Fort Clayton-24) Pelado, Cerro, 907'N-7943'W (near Gamboa-28) Pina, Camp, 916'N-8000'W (near Fort Sherman-32) Puma Island, 913'N-7955'W (near Barro Colorado Island-29) Quarry Heights, 857'N-7934'W (near Panama-23) Randolph, Fort, 922'N-7954'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Red Tank, 900'N-7936'W (near Fort Clayton-24) Represo (near Barro Colorado Island-29) Rodman Naval Station, 856'N-7935'W (near Fort Kobbe-22) Salamanca Hydrographic Station, 917'N-7936'W (near Rio Pequeni-36) San Juan, 915'N-7936'W (village, now under water, near Madden Dam-27) San Lorenzo, Fort, 918'N-8001'W (near Fort Sherman-32) San Lorenzo Caves (See: Fort San Lorenzo) San Pablo, 906'N-7948'W (old station on Panama Railroad, now under water, near Barro Colorado Island-29) Sherman, Fort (32), 921'N-7957'W Summit, 903'N-7940'W (near Madden Forest-25) Tabernilla, 907'N-7949'W (old station on Panama Railroad, now under water, near Barro Colorado Island-29) Tigre, Cerro, 904'N-7939'W (near Madden Forest-25) Venado Beach, 853'N-7937'W (near Fort Kobbe-22) Vijia (See: ElVijia) CHIRIQUf Almijas, Isla, 816'N-8224'W (near David-7) Bambito, 815'N-8237'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5000-6000 feet Baru, Cerro (See: Volcan de Chiriqui) Bogavo (See: Bugaba) Boqueron, 831'N-8234'W (near Concepcion-6) Boquete (5), 847'N-8225'W, 2000-7500 feet Boquete- Volcan Trail (near Boquete-5), above 6500 feet Brava, Isla, 812'N-8216'W (near David-7) Bugaba (=Bogavo), 829'N-8237'W (near Concepcion-6) Burica, Punta, 802'N-8252'W (near Camp Pital-6a) Butz, Finca, 850'N-8237'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5000 feet Candela, Rio, 851'N-8249'W (near Cerro Punta-4), above 3500 feet Casita Alta (See: Finca Lerida) Cerro Punta (4), 853'N-8234'W, 5000-7800 feet Cerro Punta-Boquete Trail (between Cerro Punta-4 and Boquete-5), 6800-7800 feet Chiriqui, Volcan de (=Cerro Baru and El Baru), 849'N-8232'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 6000-11,400 feet Chiriqui Viejo, Rio, 849'N-8240'W (near Cerro Punta-4), above 3000 feet Colorado, Rio, 851'N-8244'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 4000 feet Concepcion (=La Concepcion-6), 831'N-8237'W Cotito, Rio, 851'N-8245'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 4900 feet Goto Region (=Rio de la Vaca, base of Burica Peninsula, near Concepcion-6) Davala (See: Divala) David (7),826'N-8226'W Divala (=Davala), 825'N-8243'W (near Concepcion-6) El Banco, 842'N-8231'W (near Boquete-5), near 3500 feet El Baru (See: Volcan de Chiriqui) El Hato del Volcan (See: El Volcan) El Volcan (=E1 Hato del Volcan and Lava Flow) , 847'N-8238'W (near Cerro Punta-4) , 4000-6000 feet Gariche, Rio, 844'N-8241'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 3200-5300 feet 16 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Insolita, Isla (=Isla Porcada), 808'N-8144'W (near Remedios-8) La Concepcion (See: Concepcion) La Vaca, Rio (See: Goto Region) Lara, Finca, 851'N-8236'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5600-5800 feet Lava Flow (See: El Volcan) Lerida, Finca (=Casita Alta), 849'N-8229'W (near Boquete-5), 5000-7400 feet Lewis, Casa, 852'N-8236'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5600-5700 feet Llano Verde, 848'N-8237'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5000 feet Martinz, Finca (=Martinz Dairy), 852'N-8234'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 6500-6800 feet Martinz Dairy (See: Finca Martinz) Nueva Colonia Palo Santo, 849'N-8240'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 4200 feet Pando, Cerro, 855'N-8243'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 3800-5600 feet Parida, Isla, 807'N-8219'W (near David-7) Pedregal, 822'N-8226'W (near David-7) Pital, Camp (between Puerto Armuelles and Costa Rican Boundary-6a) Porcada, Isla (See: Isla Insolita) Pueblo Nuevo, 806'N-8142'W (near Remedios-8) Remedies (8), 814'N-8150'W San Felix, 819'N-8152'W (near Remedios-8) Santa Clara (=Quebrada Santa Clara and Rio Santa Clara), 851'N-8246'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 3600-4200 feet Santa Clara, Quebrada (See: Santa Clara) Santa Clara, Rio (See: Santa Clara) Sereno, 851'N-8251'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 3600-3700 feet Sevilla, Isla, 814'N-8223'W (near David-7) Siolo (or Siola), 851'N-8244'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 4100-4300 feet Tilley, Casa, 851'N-8236'W (near Cerro Punta-4), 5300-5600 feet Wald (Rio Chiriqui Viejo, near Cerro Punta-4), 3800 feet COCLE Aguadulce (15), 814'N-8033'W Anton, 824'N-8016'W (near Rio Hato-17) El Cope, 837'N-8035'W (near Penonome-16), 1500 feet El Potrero, 832'N-8033'W (near Penonome-16) El Valle (18), 836'N-8008'W, 2000-3000 feet Penonome (16), 831'N-8022'W RioHato (17), 822'N-8011'W Santa Clara, 822'N-8007'W (near Rio Hato-17) COL6N Achiote, 912'N-8001'W (near Pina-31) Aspinwall (See: Colon) Bonita, Quebrada (on Transisthmian Highway; near Madden Dam-27) Bruja, Cerro, 929'N-7934'W (near Portobelo-35), 1000-2000 feet Buena Vista, 916'N-7942'W (near Madden Dam-27) Cativa (or Catival), 921'N-7951'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Cement Plant, 915'N-7940'W (near Madden Dam-27) Colon (=Aspinwall),9 21'N-7955'W (near Fort Gulick-33) Donoso, 909'N-8019'W (near Pina-31) El Limon (See: Nuevo Limon) Escobal (30),908'N-7958'W Frijolito, Rio, 912'N-7946'W (near Nuevo Limon-34) Guayabalito, 911'N-7940'W (near Madden Dam-27) FAIRCHILD AND HANDLEY I GAZETTEER 17 Nuevo Limon (=E1 Limon and Puerto Limon) (34), 914'N-7949'W Palenque, 942'N-7922'W (near Portobelo-35) Pina (31),916'N-8003'W Portobelo (or Porto Bello) (35), 941'N-7941'W Puerto Limon (See: Nuevo Limon) Salud, 912'N-8008'W (near Pina-31) Santa Rosa, 910'N-7940'W (near Madden Dam-27) DARIEN Amagal, 724'N-7802'W (near Jaque-47), 1000 feet Aruza, 802'N-7739'W (near El Real-43) Boca de Cupe, 802'N-7736'W (near El Real-43) Camoganti, 808'N-7754'W (near El Real-43) Cana (=Santa Cruz de Cana), 747'N-7742'W (near Rio Setsganti-46), 1800-3500 feet Cana, Loma (near Cerro Pirre and Rio Seteganti-46), 4900 feet Capeti, 804'N-7733'W (near El Real-43) Casita (=Tacarcuna Casita), 801'N-7722'W (near Tacarcuna Village-45), 1500 feet Chepigana, 817'N-7804'W (near El Real-43) Chucunaque, Rio, 823'N-7749'W (near El Real-43) Cituro, 800'N-7736'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44) El Real (=Real de Santa Maria) (43), 806'N-7745'W Esnape, Rio (48), 805'N-7813'W Guayabo, 723'N-7802'W (near Jaque-47) Jaque (47) and Rio Jaque, 731'N-7810'W Jesucito, Rio, 802'N-7818'W (near Rio Esnape-48) La Laguna (=Tacarcuna Laguna), 804'N-7719'W (near Tacarcuna Villaga-45), 3200 feet La Palma, 824'N-7809'W (near El Real-43) Limon, Rio (between Cana and Cerro Pirre, near Rio Seteganti-46), 5100 feet Mali, Cerro, 807'N-7714'W (near Tacarcuna Village-45) , 4100-4800 feet Marraganti, 808'N-7744'W (near El Real-43) Mono, Rio, 743'N-7733'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44) Paya, Boca de Rio (44), 755'N-7731'W Paya Village, 753'N-7724'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44) Pelisa (on Rio Pavarando?) Pina, Punta (or Pina Point), 734'N-7813'W (near Jaque-47) Pinogana, 807'N-7741'W (near El Real-43) Pirre, Cerro (or Mount Pirre), 751'N-7744'W (near Rio Seteganti-46), 4500-5300 feet Pucro, Rio, 759'N-7734'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44) Punusa, Boca de Rio, 748'N-7732'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44) Real de Santa Maria (See: El Real) Santa Cruz de Cana (See: Cana) Sapo, Cerro (or Mount Sapo), 758'N-7822'W (near Rio Esnape-48), 1000-3000 feet Seteganti, Rio (46), 746'N-7740'W, 1600-3000 feet Tacarcuna, Cerro, 810'N-7718'W (near Tacarcuna Village-45), 4100-4800 feet (Note: the "Mount Tacarcuna" of Anthony, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 35:357-376, 1916, and Goldman, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 69, no. 5, 1920, is Cerro Mali) Tacarcuna Casita (See: Casita) Tacarcuna Laguna (See: La Laguna) Tacarcuna Village (=Tacarcuna Yellow Fever Station) (45), 805'N-7717'W, 1800-3000 feet Tacarcuna Yellow Fever Station (See: Tacarcuna Village) Tapalisa (and Rio Tapalisa), 759'N-7726'W (near Boca de Rio Paya-44) Tuira, Rio (or Rio Tuyra), 808'N-7745'W (near El Real-43) Yaviza (or Yavisa), 809'N-7742'W (near El Real-43) 18 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA HERRERA Azuero, Peninsula de (Herrera and Los Santos and part of Veraguas provinces) Capina, 753'N-8033'W (near Parita-14) Divisa, 807'N-8042'W (near Parita-14) Parita (14), 759'N-8032'W Pese, 754'N-8038'W (near Parita-14) Potuga, 804'N-8038'W (near Parita-14) Los SANTOS Azuero, Peninsula de (Herrera and Los Santos and part of Veraguas provinces) Guanico (=Guanico Arriba and Las Palmitas), 72(XN-8030'W (near Cerro Hoya-12) Hoya, Cerro (12), 718'N-8042'W, 1500-3200 feet Las Palmitas (See: Guanico) Pedasi (13), 732'N-8003'W PANAMA Aguas Buenas, 907'N-7937'W (near Madden Forest-25) Arraijan, 857'N-7941'W (near Fort Kobbe-22) Avaso, Rio (probably a misprint for Rio Abajo) Azul, Cerro (37) (See: Cerro Prominente, Goofy Lake, and La Zumbadora) Bayano, Rio, 906'N-7905'W (near Chepo-40) Bejuco, 836'N-7954'W (near Chame-19) Cabima, near 908'N-7934'W (near Calzada Larga-26) Calidonia, 857'N-7932'W (near Panama-23) Calzada Larga (=Casa Larga) (26), 910'N-7934'W Campana, Cerro, 841'N-7956'W (near Chame-19) Candelaria Hydrographic Station, 922'N-7932'W (near Rio Pequeni-36) Capira, 845'N-7953'W (near La Chorrera-20) Carasquilla (probably La Carasquilla, a suburb of Panama City; Casa Larga (See: Calzada Larga) Cativo, 910'N-7850'W (near Chepo-40) Chame (19), 834'N-7954'W Chapera, Isla, 834'N-7903'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41) Charco del Toro (head of Rio Maje; near Chiman-42) Chepo (40),910'N-7906'W Chilibre, 908'N-7938'W (near Madden Dam-27) Chilibrillo Caves (near Chilibre on Transisthmian Highway; near Madden Dam-27) Chiman (42), 843'N-7837'W Cocos, Punta, 812'N-7855'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41) Goofy Lake ("Cerro Azul" of Environmental Health Branch, U. S. Army), 909'N- 7926'W (Cerro Azul-37), 750-2000 feet Guayabito (probably a locality near Chorrera, formerly Los Guayabitos) Huile, 901'N-7946'W (near La Chorrera-20) Jefe, Cerro (See: La Zumbadora) Juan Diaz, 902'N-7928'W (near Panama-23) La Chorrera (20), 852'N-7948'W La Zumbadora (="Cerro Azul" of Gorgas Memorial Laboratory and C. O. Handley, Jr.; including Cerro Jefe), 914'N-7921'W (Cerro Azul-37), 850-3200 feet Las Cumbres, 905'N-7933'W (near Panama-23) Madden Airstrip, 910'N-7934'W (near Calzada Larga-26) Maje, Rio, 840'N-7832'W (near Chiman-42) Mamoni, Rio (See: Salto de Madrono) Maxon Ranch (See: Rio Trinidad) FAIRCHILD AND HANDLEY : GAZETTEER 19 Moja Polla, Rio (Quebrada), 911'N-7939'W (near Madden Dam-27) Monte Obscuro (suburb of Panama-23) Nueva Gorgona, 833'N-7953'W (near Chame-19) Nuevo Emperador (=Paja), 900'N-7945'W (near La Chorrera-20) Pacheca, Isla, 839'N-7904'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41) Pacora (39), 904'N-7918'W Paitilla, 857'N-7932'W (suburb of Panama-23) Paja (See: Nuevo Emperador) Panama (=Panama City) (23), 858'N-7932'W Panama Viejo, 859'N-7930'W (near Panama-23) Pearl Islands (See: Archipielago de las Perlas) Pedro Gonzales, Isla, 822'N-7907'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41) Peluca, Rio, 922'N-7934'W Pequeni, Rio (36), 922'N-7932'W Perlas, Archipielago de las (=Pearl Islands) (41), 821'N-7900'W Prominente, Cerro (="Cerro Azul" of E. A. Goldman), 913'N-7918'W (Cerro Azul-37) , 500-2950 feet Pueblo Nuevo, 901'N-7931'W (near Panama-23) Puente, Rio, 911'N-7934'W (near Calzada Larga-26) Rey, Isla del (=Isla San Miguel), 823'N-7856'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41) Rio Abajo, 901'N-7931'W (near Panama-23) Rio Chico Hydrographic Station, 915'N-7931'W (near Calzada Larga-26) Sabanas (suburb of Panama-23) Saboga, Isla, 836'N-7905'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41) Salto de Madrono, Rio Mamoni (near Chepo-40) San Francisco de la Caleta, 859'N-7930'W (near Panama-23) San Jose, Isla, 815'N-7908'W (Archipielago ds las Perlas-41) San Miguel, 826'N-7857'W (Archipielago de las Perlas-41) San Miguel, Isla (See: Isla del Rey) Taboga, Isla (21), 847'N-7935'W Taboguilla, Isla, 847'N-7932'W (near Isla Taboga-21) Tapia, 901'N-7928'W (near Panama-23) Tocumen, 904'N-7924'W (near Pacora-39) Trinidad, Rio (=Maxon Ranch), 857'N-8000'W (near Escobal-30) Villa Rosario, 846'N-7953'W (near La Chorrera-20) Vique, Punta, 852'N-7940'W (near Fort Kobbe-22) SAN BLAS Armila (49) 840'N-7727'W Cangandi, Rio, 926'N-7907'W (near Mandinga-38) Mandinga (38), 929'N-7905'W Pito, Rio, 842'N-7732'W (near Armila-49) Puerto Obaldia, 840'N-7726'W (near Armila-49) VERAGUAS Afuera, Isla (See: Isla Canal de Afuera) Altos Cacao, 739'N-8049'W (near Cerro Hoya-12) 1400 feet Azuero, Peninsula ds (Herrera and Los Santos and part of Veraguas provinces) Bubi, Rio, 800'N-8132'W (near Remedios-8) Calobre, 819'N-8051'W (near Santiago-10) Calovebora, 848'N-8112'W (near Santa Fe-11) Canal de Afuera, Isla (=Isla Afuera), 741'N-8137'W (near Isla Coiba-9) Cebaco, Isla, 731'N-8111'W (near Isla Coiba-9) Coiba, Isla (9), 726'N-8145'W Gobernadora, Isla, 733'N-8112'W (near Isla Coiba-9) 20 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Mariato, Rio, 740'N-8954'W (near Cerro Hoya-12) Paracote, 740'N-8101'W (near Cerro Hoya-12) Santa Fe (11), 831'N-8104'W Santiago (10), 805'N-8059'W Sona, 800'N-8119'W (near Santiago-10) Viejo, Cerro, 738'N-8047'W (near Cerro Hoya-12), 2000-3300 feet Viejo, Rio, 803'N-8134'W (near Remedios-8) Mites of the Subfamily Laelaptinae in Panama (Acarina: Laelaptidae) VERNON J. TIPTON J , ROBERT M. ALTMAN 2 , AND CHARLES M. KEENAN 3 During the past few years we have collected several hundred small mam- mals in Panama. The ectoparasites removed from these animals form a most interesting collection, of which the Acarina are by far the most numer- ous. The present study is limited to mites of the subfamily Laelaptinae, since the vast majority of the mesostigmatid mites collected belong to eight genera of this subfamily. Of these, Laelaps Koch, Gigantolaelaps Fonseca, Eubrachylaelaps Ewing, Echinolaelaps Ewing and Mysolaelaps Fonseca, are most commonly associated with myomorph rodents ; TUT Baker and Wharton with hystricomorph rodents; Steptolaelaps Furman with sciuromorph ro- dents, and Haemolaelaps Berlese with both rodents and marsupials. As Furman and Tipton (1961) point out, "The study of neotropical para- sitic mites is of importance because they may fill key roles in epidemiological patterns which for the moment are confusing." Because they are numerous and widespread, it is possible that mites may figure prominently in the solu- tion of some of our more perplexing epidemiological problems in the tropics. We wish to acknowledge with gratitude the assistance given us by Captain Wallace P. Murdoch and Major Gordon Field and their staff of illustrators at the 406th Medical General Laboratory in Tokyo, Japan. All of our illustrations were prepared by this group. Dr. Charles 0. Handley, Smithsonian Institution, identified the host animals. Dr. Flavio da Fonseca, Institute Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil, as always, has been very kind in as- sisting us with information about species of the Laelaptinae in South 1 Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps, United States Army. The senior au- thor assumes complete responsibility for the descriptions of new species in this paper. For purposes of citation in subsequent publications, authorship of species described herein should be attributed to him alone. 2 Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps, United States Army. 3 Environmental Health Branch, Preventive Medicine Division, Office of the Chief Surgeon, United States Army Forces Southern Command, Fort Amador, Canal Zone. 23 24 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA America. We are especially indebted to Dr. Deane P. Furman, University of California at Berkeley, as our format and some of our keys essentially follow those of Furman and Tipton (1961) . KEY TO THE PANAMANIAN GENERA OF LAELAPTINAE FEMALES; FROM FURMAN AND TIPTON, 1961 1. Genito-ventral plate with one pair of setae 2 Genito-ventral plate with more than one pair of setae 4 2. Peritremalia produced posterior to stigmata; posterior seta of coxa II similar to setae of other coxae 3 Peritremalia not produced posterior to stigmata; posterior seta of coxa II longer than setae of other coxae Gigantolaelaps Fonseca 3. Spine-like seta on posterior margin of coxa III ; elongate setae on dorsal apices of femur and genu I; tectum with three apical lobes Eubrachylaelaps Ewing Coxa III without spine-like seta; femur and genu I without elongate setae; tectum a single rounded lobe Haemolaelaps Berlese 4. Genito-ventral plate with three pairs of setae Steptolaelaps Furman Genito-ventral plate with four pairs of setae 5 5. Central setae of dorsal plate minute; coxae without spiniform setae Mysolaelaps Fonseca Central setae of dorsal plate not minute; at least one pair of coxae with spini- form setae 6 6. Large mites, over 1 mm. long; sternal plate as long or longer than wide Echinolaelaps Ewing Medium sized mites, less than 1 mm. long; sternal plate never as long as wide ... .7 7. Peritremal plate broad; epigynial and anal plates fused or in juxtaposition Tur Baker and Wharton Peritremal plate narrow; epigynial and anal plates not fused or in juxtaposition Laelaps Koch We prefer to summarize the morphological characteristics of the genera in a tabular form (table 1) rather than treat each genus separately, since Tipton (1960) and Furman and Tipton (1961) have recently discussed this group of genera. Some of the characters listed in table 1 are variable in occurrence in certain genera. Thus, coarse dorsal setae occur consistently in species of Echinolaelaps, Steptolaelaps and Tur, but only in some species of Eubrachy- laelaps, Gigantolaelaps and Laelaps. There are numerous setae on the un- armed portion of the venter in some species of Haemolaelaps but not in others. The value of the tectum as a generic character has not been fully investigated. In Tur anomalus n. sp., the tectum is very difficult to see, but appears to be a single lobe ; it is trilobed in T. uniscutatus. Genus Echinolaelaps Ewing Macrolaelaps Ewing, 1929, Man. Ext. Parasites, p. 185. Echinolaelaps Ewing, 1929, loc. cit., pp. 185-186. Type-species : Laelaps echidninus Berlese, 1887. This genus is represented in Panama by two species, one of them (E. lowei n. sp.) known only from Panama. Echinolaelaps echidninus (Berlese) Laelaps echidninus Berlese, 1887, Acari, Myriap. Scorp. Italia, pt. 39, p. 157. Echinolaelaps echidninus Ewing, 1929, Man. Ext. Parasites, p. 185. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 25 MATERIAL EXAMINED : 9 females from Rattus rattus, Arraijan (Panama) , 5 April 1961, collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. REMARKS : Our Panamanian material differs very little from specimens in our collections from other parts of the world. We have collected hundreds of specimens of both R. rattus and R. norvegicus but have found only a single rat infested with E. echidninus. However, Laelaps nuttalli was very abun- dant. TABLE 1. COMPARATIVE CHART OF PANAMANIAN GENERA OF LAELAPTINAE (FEMALES) I .3 Character A -o s Idiosoma + o over 1 mm. Pairs of setae 4 on G-V plate 1 1 1 Number of 4 lobes in tectum* 3 1 1 At least 1 ro- bust coxal seta + + o Pilosity of o venter sparse + + Sternal plate as long as wide Dorsal setae coarse I vs **4 + 1 ^ E-H + 4 3 4 3 1 3 + 'Refers only to Panamanian species Echinolaelaps lowei Tipton, new species. Plate 1. DIAGNOSIS: Like E. boultoni Furman and Tipton, E. lowei n. sp., has epigynial and anal plates which are not in juxtaposition. E. boultoni has bulbous setae on coxa I ; these setae are pilif orm to setiform in E. lowei. DESCRIPTION : Idiosoma. 1040 /* long, 697 a wide (width measured at level of coxae IV). Dorsum. Dorsal plate elliptical, with 37 pairs setae; 936 n long, 614 /a wide; covers almost entire dorsum, leaving only narrow, postero-lateral band of soft integument bearing 14 pairs' setae; posterior margin with three pairs longer than medial setae; penultimate setae about one-half length of last pair. Venter. Tritosternum bifurcate near base, pilose ; sternal plate coarsely reticulate ; 198 ij. long, 161 fj, wide; with three pairs setae approximately same length; one pair slit-like pores just caudad of first pair setae. Endapodal plates well denned; with setae smaller than sternal setae. Metapodal plates small, elongate. Epigynial plate expanded; with prominent transverse lines; with four pairs setae, distance between first pair 130 /a, second pair 198 M, third pair 151 /*, fourth pair 73 n; anal plate widely separated from 26 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA epigynial plate; 146 ^ long, 114 n wide; distance between anterior margin of plate and anus much greater than length of anus; adanal setae 52 /j. long; postanal seta 104 ^ long. Legs. Legs long and slender except for leg II, which is more robust. Setae of coxa I piliform to setiform; a short, bulbous seta on coxa III. Dorsal apices of femur and genu I with setae less robust than sternal setae. Gnathosoma. Deutosternum with seven rows of two to five teeth per row. Gnathoso- mal setae about one-half length of medial hypostomal setae. Chelae robust, both digits toothed; fixed digit bearing long, bent seta. Hypopharyngeal processes prominent, fim- briate epipharynx sublanceolate, covered with denticles. Tectum not apparent. TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female from Nectomys alfari (host no. 4082) , Cerro Azul (Panama), 2 February 1958, collected by R. M. Altman and C. M. Keenan. In the collection of the United States National Museum. A paratype female, same data and repository as the holotype. REMARKS: This species is named for Mr. Wilbur Lowe, a remarkable technician and a tireless worker. Genus Eubrachylaelaps Ewing Eubrachylaelaps Ewing, 1929, Man. Ext. Parasites, p. 186. Furman, 1955a, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 48, (1-2), pp. 51-59 (revision and key). Cyclolaelaps Ewing, 1933, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 82, (30), p. 5. Type-species: Laelaps hollisteri Ewing, 1925. Only one species of this genus is recorded from Panama. It would be unusual, however, if E. rotundus Fonseca is not collected in Panama in the future ; it occurs in nearby Venezuela. Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman. Plate 2. Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman, 1955a, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 48, (1-2), pp. 52-54, figs: 1-4. MATERIAL EXAMINED: 153 females from Peromyscus nudipes, Cerro Punta; 83 females from P. nudipes from Rancho Mojica; 2 females from Oryzomys fulvescens, Cerro Punta and Rancho Mojica; 1 female from Reithrodontomys creper; 1 female from Heteromys desmarestianus, Cerro Punta; and hundreds of specimens in alcohol from both localities, mostly from P. nudipes; January 1960 to March 1962, collected by C. O. Handley, C. M. Keenan, V. J. Tipton, and C. E. Yunker. REMARKS : Our measurements of the dorsal and sternal plates of Panama specimens are roughly comparable to those given by Furman (1955a) for type material from Mexico. Specimens from Rancho Mojica are slightly smaller (average length of dorsal plate for 10 specimens, 590 /*) , less heavily sclerotized with the setae of the venter apparently a little more delicate than specimens from Cerro Punta (average length of dorsal plate for 10 speci- mens, 626 p.) . The average ratio of length to width of sternal plate is 2 to 1 for Rancho Mojica specimens and 2.1 to 1 for Cerro Punta specimens. We must add that different mounting techniques were used for speci- mens from these two localities. Additional recently collected specimens from Cerro Punta were treated in much the same manner (using heat as a part of the mounting technique) as the Rancho Mojica specimens and the morphological differences were then not nearly as apparent. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 27 Genus Gigantolaelaps Fonseca Gigantolaelaps Fonseca, 1939a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 12 (transl., p. 61). Type-species: Gigantolaelaps vitzthumi Fonseca, 1939. The genus Gigantolaelaps Fonseca is well represented in Panama, both by species and individuals. We have tentatively associated our Panamanian specimens with five described species. KEY TO THE PANAMANIAN SPECIES OF GIGANTOLAELAPS FEMALES 1. Sternal plate with two to six (usually three) accessory setae . G. oudemansi Fonseca Sternal plate with no accessory setae 2 2. Proximal seta of coxa I longer than distal seta ; both setae spinif orm G. goyanensis Fonseca Proximal seta of coxa I not longer than distal seta; distal seta always piliform, proximal seta usually piliform 3 3. Dorsal plate bearing approximately 400 setae; a relatively small species with dorsal plate not over 1100 /j. long G. inca Fonseca Dorsal plate bearing 86 setae; a relatively large species with dorsal plate over 1400 fi long 4 4. Antero-median projection of sternal plate scarcely produced beyond insertion of first pair of setae. Small paired setae of posterior margin of dorsal plate reach beyond margin for not more than one-fourth of their length. . . .G. gilmorei Fonseca Antero-median projection of sternal plate produced far beyond insertion of first pair of setae as a pronounced lobe. Small paired setae of posterior margin of dorsal plate reach beyond margin for more than one-fourth of their length .... G. wolffsohni (Oudemans) Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca. Plates 3 (figs. 4, 8) , 4. Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca, 1939a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 22 (transl., p. 71), figs. 6-10 (Goyaz State, Brazil). Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 175, 177, pis. 2 (fig. 9), 3 (figs. 1, 2), 4 (fig. 6), 5 (fig. 2), 6 (fig. 2). MATERIAL EXAMINED : A total of 206 females and 1 male as follows : 179 females and 1 male from (35) Oryzomys capito; 27 females from (5) O. alfaroi; 13 females from (2) O. bombycinus; 3 females from (1) O. caligino- sus; 4 females from (1) Nectomys alfari; 3 females from (1) Sigmodon hispidus; 1 female from (1) Reithrodontomys sumichrasti; 1 female from (1) Zygodontomys microtinus; 1 female from (1) Proechimys semi- spinosus. Most specimens from O. capito and O. alfaroi were collected at Cerro Hoya (Los Santos) by C. 0. Handley, February 1962. Most others were collected at Cerro Azul (Panama) and Canal Zone, July 1956 to January 1962, by Robert M. Altman, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. REMARKS: G. gilmorei Fonseca is a large species (idiosoma well over 2000 /u, in length) , distinct from others of the genus in possessing the follow- ing combination of characters : the bases of the first pair of sternal setae are on or very near the anterior margin of the sternal plate ; both setae of coxa I are piliform ; and the epigynial setae do not extend to the caudal margin of the epigynial plate. 28 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA The majority of our specimens were collected from a group of closely related species of the genus Oryzomys at localities of 2000-3000 feet eleva- tion. They conform rather closely to the description and figures given by Fonseca (1939a) except that the epigynial setae are shorter, the setae of the venter are somewhat more sparse, and the anal and epigynial setae slightly more delicate than indicated by Fonseca. Gigantolaelaps goyanensis Fonseca. Plates 3 (figs. 1, 6) , 5. Gigantolaelaps goyanensis Fonseca, 1939a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 32 (transl., p. 81), figs. 15-18 (Brazil). Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 21, (60), p. 177, pis. 3 (fig. 3), 4 (fig. 5), 5 (fig. 8), 6 (fig. 3). MATERIAL EXAMINED: 22 females and 2 males from (1) Zygodontomys microtinus, Cerro Azul (Panama), 16 August 1956, collected by R. M. Alt- man and C. M. Keenan. REMARKS : G. goyanensis Fonseca is the only species of the genus thus far recorded from Panama in which both setae of coxa I are robust and the proximal seta is longer than the distal seta. A rather anomalous situation exists with respect to this species in that we have collected it only once al- though we have examined 74 specimens of Zygodontomys microtinus. Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca. Plate 6. Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca, 1960, Acarologia, 2, (1), pp. 11-14, figs. 1, 2 (Peru). Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 182-184, pis. 2 (fig. 7), 3 (figs. 7, 8), 4 (fig. 4), 5 (fig. 7), 6 (fig. 6). MATERIAL EXAMINED: A total of 655 females and 2 males as follows: 568 females and 2 males from (25) Oryzomys albigularis ; 63 females from (8) Oryzomys alfaroi; 11 females from (1) Peromyscus flavidus; 9 females from (1) Didelphis marsupialis; 4 females from (1) Peromyscus nudipes; all collected above 5000 feet elevation near Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) or Ran- cho Mojica (Bocas del Toro) during January, February, and May, 1960, September 1961 and March 1962 by C. O. Handley, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. REMARKS : In Panama, G. inca Fonseca apparently occurs only at eleva- tions above 5000 feet. Like G. oudemansi Fonseca, it is a small species but it lacks the accessory setae on the sternal plate and it has very dense setae on the dorsal plate. Our specimens are not markedly different from those in our collection from Venezuela nor from figures and description given by Fonseca (1960) and Furman and Tipton (1961). The dorsal plates of our specimens appear to cover a greater area in relation to the entire specimen than do those from Venezuela and those from Peru as figured by Fonseca. However, measurements of the dorsal plates conform closely to those given by Fonseca and Furman and Tipton. Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca. Plates 3 (figs. 2, 7), 7. Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca, 1939a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 15 (transl., p. 64), figs. 1-5 (Goyaz State, Brazil). Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 173, 175, pis. 3 (figs. 5, 6), 4 (fig. 3), 5 (fig. 6), 6 (fig. 5). TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 29 MATERIAL EXAMINED: A total of 960 females and 7 males as follows: 791 females and 6 males from (48) Oryzomys capito; 73 females from (6) O. alfaroi; 35 females from (2) O. bombycinus; 24 females from (2) O. caliginosus; 7 females from (1) O. bicolor; 1 female from (1) O. fulvescens; 22 females from (1) Nectomys alfari; 4 females, 1 male from (1) Sig- modon hispidus; 1 female from (1) Zygodontomys microtinus; 1 female from (1) Peromyscus flavidus; 1 female from (1) Didelphis marsupialis; from all of our collecting localities that were below 5000 feet elevation, July 1956 to February 1962, collected by R. M. Altman, C. O. Handley, C. M. Keenan, V. J. Tipton and C. E. Yunker. REMARKS : G. oudemansi Fonseca is the only known species of the genus that has accessory setae on the sternal plate. We have collected G. oudemansi from a number of species of hosts. There are some morphological characters which vary according to host. Generally, there are three accessory setae on the sternal plate but in several specimens from 0. capito there were four or five accessory setae. Other measurable differences are presented in table 2, based on the same criteria used by Furman and Tipton (1961). Thus, populations from different hosts and different geographic locations may be compared. Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni (Oudemans). Plates 3 (figs. 3, 5, 9, 10), 8-11. Laelaps wolffsohni Oudemans, 1910, Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat., 14: 147 (Chile). Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni Morlan, 1951, Jour. Parasit., 37, (3), p. 273. Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 179-181; pis. 3 (figs. 4, 9), 4 (figs. 1, 2), 5 (figs. 1, 3-5), 6 (figs. 1, 4). Macrolaelaps peruvianus Ewing, 1933, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82, (30), p. 7 (Lima, Peru). Gigantolaelaps peruvianus Fonseca, 1939a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 11 (transl., p. 60). MATERIAL EXAMINED: 140 females from hosts and localities mentioned below, collected from July 1956 to September 1961 by R. M. Altman, C. O. Handley, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. REMARKS: Furman and Tipton (1961) have discussed the morphological variation in 75 Venezuelan specimens of G. wolffsohni, the majority of which were from eight identified host species. We have 140 Panamanian speci- mens from six host species from six localities. Specimens taken from Oryzomys fulvescens at Rancho Mojica (pi. 11) are obviously quite different from those taken from O. caliginosus at Cerro Campana (pi. 8). On the basis of size alone they would seem to represent two distinct species, but in addition, the Cerro Campana specimens have ro- bust setae on coxa I, and shorter penultimate setae on the dorsal plate. How- ever, specimens from other hosts and other localities intergrade between these two extremes and in spite of vast differences in total size, the ratio be- tween plate sizes is essentially the same in all specimens. We have tended to disregard differences in length of setae because they may be broken off or may extend at an angle through a deep focal plane, rendering measure- ments unreliable and bringing the factor of distortion into an already con- fused picture. 30 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA F GIGANTOLAELAPS OU DEM AN SI, BY HOST SPECIES OF ORYZOMYS. (in microns) O. bombycinus O. caliginosus O. capita Venezuela (4) Los Santos (7) Canal Zone (10) Cerro Azul (10) 156-177 198-229 200-220 187-208 187-270 CO CM O TH CM CM L- TH o co eg o I 10 os eg eg eg o CD eg oo os eg eg eg iH 00 eg o 1 CO 05 eg co eg c- o eg co 1 o -* eg O5 TH o CD eg <* 1 <* 05 eg co eg CD eg <* 05 eg eg eg t- t- TH IO eg co IO iH 10 CO iH oo TH 1 TH TH TH o TH TH o CD TH 3 iH CD IO TH s TH o IO l-H 00 n< TH o CD rH IO TH TH O5 TH 10 Tl< iH 00 o eg 05 1 00 t- TH t- i-H 00 05 TH 00 CDTH CD iH 00 O eg o 1 05 O TH IO TH iH 00 TH IO 05 TH CD 00 O5 TH TH 1 00 CO TH CD iH 00 1 1 eg o 1 05 t- iH t- TH * TH TH CO ^ TH IO 00 o c! S 00 t> 05 y-, _L O5 ^d 1 O5 05 to CO 00 00 IO TH O5 1 10 TH O5 co o 1 c- o eg co o C- eg TH 1 10 oo eg eg TH oo eg eg oo eg TH eg co eg oo 1 eg o eg eg eg eg o co co 1 t- o eg IO eg eg TH co co 1 CD o eg 10 eg CO to TH eg iH iH co 10 iH IO IO TH CO TH CD CD TH O 1 10 TH TH O eg TH t- 1 TH TH iH CD TH O IO TH CO iH CD TH CO I CO TH TH specimens measured, ons. 4H ' EMENTS O O5 K eg 2 O5 . iH TH T-l o co eg co I 10 10 eg eg o CO O 10 IO 00 O eg co 1 05 C- TH t- TH O 10 05 oo TH 00 eg CD I 10 eg eg CO eg IO t- co * TH TH J-l * "1 ' 3 cS K 5 O C 1 tn i i 1 bo ? 0) bo B C & 0> i O> c V bo B C es o> bo B V bo B B c3 8 -2 'B 'B B Q) eg' & J 1 s tf s P5S r-l yO EH Character Length of Posterior t 1 1 1 03 X o O "8 0> V Length of Genito- Ventral Plate* Distance between Genital Setae Length of Genital Setae Length of Accessory Setae of Sternal Plate '3 PH -1J 0) iH 4J tii G S 4) (J w Distance between 1st Pair Sternal Setae Numbers in parenthes* * Measured from level < TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 31 Our specimens fall into four groups designated A, B, C, and D. GROUP A (pi. 8), with 100 specimens from Oryzomys caliginosus, 2 specimens from Nectomys alfari, 1 specimen from Zygodontomys microtinus, from Cerro Azul, Cerro Campana, El Valle, and Bocas del Toro, is the largest of the four groups. The length of the dorsal plate ranges from a minimum of 1612 /* in the Bocas del Toro specimens to a maximum of 1956 p. in the Cerro Cam- pana specimens. The length of the sternal plate ranges from a minimum of 374 fj. in the Cerro Azul and Bocas del Toro specimens to a maximum of 455 /A in the Cerro Campana specimens. The setae of coxa I are more robust, the venter is more setose, and the epigynial plate is expanded somewhat more than in Group B. Group A resembles Fonseca's G. vitz- thumi. GROUP B (pi. 9), 12 specimens from Oryzomys capito and 2 specimens from O. fulvescens from El Valle, is characterized as follows : the length of the dorsal plate varies from 1612 to 1664 /x and the sternal plate ranges from 270 to 312 /A in length; the anterior margin of the sternal plate is not pro- jected forward as radically as in Group A ; the setae of coxa I are setiform, and the setation of the venter is somewhat more sparse than in Group A. GROUP C (pi. 10), 12 specimens from Sigmodon hispidus from Bocas del Toro, differs little from the previous group except that the coxal setae are very short and somewhat spiniform. The orientation of the coxae may ac- count for this seeming difference. Also, the venter is more setose than in Group B. GROUP D (pi. 11), 8 specimens from 0. fulvescens from Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) and 13 specimens from O. fulvescens from Rancho Mojica (Bocas del Toro), differs from the other groups in the following characters: size is small, the length of the dorsal plate varying from 1404 to 1580 p and that of the sternal plate from 281 to 292 p. ; the setae of coxa I, especially the distal seta, are pilif orm ; the penultimate setae of the dorsal plate extend beyond the margin of the plate for more than one-half of their length and the epigynial plate is expanded only slightly. This group appears to be Fon- seca's G. ivolffsohni, s. str. We have not overlooked the possibility that these four groups may repre- sent four distinct species, but because of the gradation in size, shown in table 3, we prefer to refer all of our specimens to one species, G. wolffsohni. A detailed study of specimens from its entire range will be necessary before the composition of this particular taxon is understood. However, for the mo- ment we may say that G. wolffsohni, s. lot., is a highly variable species which has both a wide geographical and ecological range. Comments on the Genus Gigantolaelaps Furman and Tipton (1961) have pointed out that the unusually high degree of apparent variation in Gigantolaelaps "may be linked in part to the evolutionary status of the host genera" as well as to a certain amount of dis- tortion associated with the mounting technique used. We have several long series each, from single host animals. The adults in these series apparently are not all the same age ; in addition, it appears that not all have fed as adults. It would be interesting and profitable to investigate the changes in total size 32 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA S 3? Cq o escens o a JH -M TH 05 CM CO 1 00 iH CM OO CM CO CO LQ 1 rH CM CO CO "T ^ lO rH co o %& \ CM TJ< rH O O V '-' oo > t- CM Tf 1 10 00 CM CM co CO Tj< 1 co CM CO CM 10 CM CM 00 1 rH CO CM CM c- TH TH rH rH 1 i 00 lO t- j CM CO rH rH CM co CM rH rH CO Oryzomy Rancho Mojica CM OJ CM 05 1 00 rH CM 00 CM CM co co o 1 rH rH CO OJ CM lO rH 00 1 CO CM rH CO rH 10 CM rH \ rH O rH o r j H *o 00 CM t- 1 10 O CM 10 CM 312-332 318 os co CM CD 1 rH O CM O CM rH CM 1 co O rH CM TH CO 10 rH Sigmodon hispidus a| o H o pq -^ 73 302-312 308 co CO CM 1 rH rH CO 00 CM rH CD rH OO 00 rH rH CM g _o i i CM co rH CD oo rH co 10 **3* CD o 00 00 co > c- CM CM CM CM co co CM CM rH rH co co CM U5 1 co CM oo os oo ^^ co II CM t- rH oS CD c 10 CD O o -^ CM CM CD HI lO g! r^ S to -* oo 1 co co ^ TH -* CM 1 os -* CO rH CM CO 1 CM CM CM TH CO \ rH OS rH rH rH CM \ TH O rH CO co oo 1 rH CM CO CO CO CO 1 CM CM CO oo 1 00 kO CM rH rH OS 1 "^ ^H OS 2g O oj rH c- OS O rH rH rH CD CM T" 1 CO "* CO rH rH rH co CO CM rH 00 rH CO o l> CO CM CM CO lO CM *"*^ O r-H CM OS rH O C- O O5 g Tj< CO ^* T}* rH O rH C~ T^ ^ CO O5 CO CM CM D- rH rH ?H fo 1 rH CO CO 1 OJ \ O 1 00 1 rH 1 OS 1 ^ CO cy ^ LO ^* CO CO 10 rH rH rH rH rH CM rH CO lO CM co os t~- oo O ^ 00 oo O 00 00 <# OS Tj^ rH g co TH rH CM CM CM C- o rH o 00 O CD lO OO OS 05 CM CM TH o CO 02 O oo CM O O co rH OS co r . ^ CM co OJ CM t- rH rH TH CO CD CO O CM CM rH OS LO O t^ 1 OJ 1 ^* 1 \ O \ ^^ 1 rH 1 O 1 t- 1 rH 1 05 O <* co CM CO 00 CM 00 rH 00 05 CM CO rH CO 05 CM CM CO M 13 t- II os OO CO O 05 CO rH rH rH .. co CO rH CO CM CM rH CO rH CD 0) O> d) o> o> 0) o> be c be c be c be C be fi be c be s be c ti J C oS oS ^ 1 C 03 oS o> fi 03 C | PH C$ C oj C oS C oS s tf S P4 K % tf S tf^ S PH .M -(-> 01 oS -4-> 13 c 3 cp c co O) 13 c8 1 1 'rt +3 c 0) C oS 13 !-< CU -J CO -J O) to CO rH > 13 Q ^ o PH P-H 0) "S V o o> -^ oS 01 -JJ COS 0) OT PH CO rH O Q L f . i f ~"i t-0 ^J m o! *i | oS H fl o o> fi f~\ , < o O g 0) CO Q X X o o ^ O ^ O e rC ^ o> i's r U ,C X u C os X X "be^ be ^ c3 be be -T be " be " 03 .-y be ^ "S ^ 8 C m "to ^ C ^ c ,5 C "frt r- ^ "w C c "tr* O O> r5 J PH O> ^_, P-^ O S'g, rJ CO co "S 01 ,5 0) a) hJ CO .S QJ Q O 4) O> rJ CO CU r5 rJ PL. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 33 and degree of sclerotization over the life span of adult mites of this genus. It may be that plates and setae only appear to increase in size because of changes in sclerotization as a result of aging. Genus Haemolaelaps Berlese Haemolaelaps Berlese, 1910, Redia, 6: 261. Atricholaelaps Ewing, 1929, Man. Ext. Parasites, p. 186. Ischnolaelaps Fonseca, 1935, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 10: 19. Type-species: Haemolaelaps marsupialis Berlese, 1910. We have obtained specimens of this genus from nearly every species of rodent we have collected, as well as from several marsupials. It appears that almost all host species have a distinct population of Haemolaelaps and fur- ther, that each host species has distinctive populations in each collecting lo- cality. Either host specificity is very marked, with little individual varia- tion in a population, or else host specificity is almost entirely lacking and variation is much greater than is known for other laelaptine genera. If the latter is true, then it may be that variation is inversely proportional to host specificity. The shape of the pilus dentilis frequently has been used as a specific character. Allred (1958) has suggested that it would be better employed to separate groups of species. This structure is delicate and is susceptible to distortion which renders it of questionable taxonomic value. We have a series in which the pilus dentilis is inflated in some specimens while in others it appears to have burst during the mounting process. In another series from Nyctomys sumichrasti (pi. 13) , the apical as well as the proximal por- tion is swollen. Some of the specimens from Metachirus nudicaudatus are similar to those from Nyctomys, while others have the pilus dentilis inflated proximally only, as figured in plate 18. Other characters too are variable within a series from a single host ani- mal. Degree of sclerotization, length and number of setae (the latter may be due in part to orientation of the mite on the slide) , and shape and size of the anal plate vary considerably. On the other hand some characters are re- markably constant, e.g., the shape of the sternal plate, the shape and length of the setae of coxa I, and the relative length of the gnathosomal and hypo- stomal setae. We are referring most of our specimens to a single species, Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), although it is evident that there are some extreme dif- ferences among our specimens. Specimens collected from Peromyscus nudipes and Reithrodontomys sumichrasti at high elevations conform more closely to the figures and description given by Strandtmann (1949) than do those collected at low elevations. Plates 12 to 23 show the range of varia- tion. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing). Plates 12-23. Laelaps glasgowi Ewing, 1925, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. Haemolaelaps glasgowi Strandtmann, 1949, Jour. Pa MATERIAL EXAMINED : 102 females from Peromyscus nudipes, 41 females Laelaps glasgowi Ewing, 1925, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 27: 1-7 (Illinois, U.S.A.). Haemolaelaps glasgowi Strandtmann, 1949, Jour. Parasit., 35, (3), pp. 325-352. 34 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA from Oryzomys fulvescens, 19 females from 0. albigularis, 14 females from Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 12 females from R. sumichrasti, 17 females and 1 male from R. creper, 1 female from Scotinomys teguina, and 19 females from S. xerampelinus, from Rancho Mojica, Cerro Punta or Boquete Trail; 49 females from Sigmodon hispidus, 14 females and 1 male from Oryzomys capito, 1 female from O. fulvescens, 4 females from O. caliginosus, 6 females from O. alfaroi, 1 female from O. bombycinus, 1 female from Tylomys pana- mensis, 11 females from Nectomys alfari, 4 females from Nyctomys sumi- chrasti, 3 females from Liomys adspersus, 4 females and 1 male from Hoplomys gymnurus, 7 females from Rattus rattus, 9 females from Proe- chimys semispinosus, 3 females from Heteromys desmarestianus, 2 females from H. australis, 2 females from Zygodontomys microtinus, 26 females from Sciurus granatensis, 47 females from Metachirus nudicaudatus, 8 females from Philander opossum, and 3 females from Didelphis marsupialis, mostly from Cerro Azul (Panama) and Canal Zone. REMARKS: Specimens from Rancho Mojica and Cerro Punta are more nearly like figures and description given by Strandtmann (1949) than those from Cerro Azul and the Canal Zone. Those from Hoplomys gymnurus are the largest (dorsal plate over 800 /*, in length) and those from Sigmodon hispidus the smallest (dorsal plate 572 /* in length) . The setae of the dorsal plate are robust and uniform in size in specimens from marsupials (pi. 18) , while in specimens from oryzomine rodents (pi. 13) , the setae of the dorsal plate are smaller and not uniform in size. The pilosity of unarmed areas in specimens from Nyctomys sumichrasti (pi. 13) is sparse whereas it is much denser in specimens from Metachirus nudicaudatus. In considering these differences, especially the extremes in the range of variation, it seemed advisable to describe several new species. However, it was impossible to find a well delineated group of specimens that did not merge into the next group. The genus Haemolaelaps is badly in need of revision. For the Neotrop- ical Region it will be necessary to study long series from many localities in order to understand variation and geographical distribution. To describe new species now would only add confusion to a problem which becomes even more complex as additional material becomes available. Genus Laelaps Koch Laelaps Koch, 1836, Deutschl. Crust. Myriap. Arach., pt. 4, p. 19. Tipton, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 16, (6), pp. 260-262 (generic revision). Type-species: Laelaps agilis Koch, 1836. Several South American representatives of Laelaps occur in Panama. This is not surprising since several of the host genera occur throughout Central and South America. KEY TO THE PANAMANIAN SPECIES OF LAELAPS FEMALES 1. Gnathosomal setae at least twice as long as distal seta of coxa I L. dearmasi Furman and Tipton Gnathosomal setae not twice as long as distal seta of coxa I 2 TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 35 2. Distance between fourth pair of genito-ventral setae approximately the same as distance between first pair of genito-ventral s'etae L. nuttalli Hirst Distance between fourth pair of genito-ventral setae much less than the distance between first pair of genito-ventral setae 3 3. Distance between second pair of genito-ventral setae approximately four times greater than distance between fourth pair of genito-ventral setae L. paulistanensis Fonseca Distance between second pair of genito-ventral setae not more than three times greater than distance between fourth pair of genito-ventral setae 4 4. Proximal seta of coxa I at least three times as wide as distal seta 5 Proximal seta of coxa I les's than three times as wide as distal seta . . . L. thori Fonseca 5. Medial setae of the dorsal plate about 30 /* in length L. pilifer n. sp. Medial setae of the dorsal plate about 52 /j, in length L. castroi Fonseca Laelaps castroi Fonseca. Plate 24. Laelaps castroi Fonseca, 1958, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 28: 116 (Pernambuco, Brazil). MATERIAL EXAMINED : 64 females from O. alfaroi and 30 females from O. fulvescens from Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) ; 13 females from O, fulvescens and 1 female from Peromyscus nudipes from Rancho Mojica (Bocas del Toro) , January 1960 to March 1962, collected by C. 0. Handley, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. REMARKS: L. castroi may be distinguished from other species of the genus in Panama by the following combination of characters : short, robust proximal seta and a longer piliform seta on coxa I, fairly robust setae on the dorsal plate, and gnathosomal setae almost as long as the medial hypostomal setae. Our specimens are much smaller than those from Venezuela and are not as heavily sclerotized. The length of the idiosoma as recorded by Fonseca is 670 /a, while our specimens are only 560 /*. The size and shape of the setae of coxa I vary somewhat from the figures given by Fonseca but are of the same general configuration. Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton. Plates 25, 26, 30 (figs. 4, 6, 7, 9) . Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 187-191, pis. 8, 9. MATERIAL EXAMINED: A total of 191 females and 7 males as follows: 139 females, 5 males from Zygodontomys microtinus, 20 females from Proechimys semispinosus, 6 females and 1 male from Oryzomys capita, 1 female from O. caliginosus, 5 females from Rattus rattus, 19 females and 1 male from Sigmodon hispidus and 1 female from "rat" ; all from Canal Zone (except 16 females from Cerro Azul) , July 1956 to September 1960, collected by R. M. Altman, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. REMARKS : L. dearmasi is the only Panamanian species of Laelaps that has long, robust gnathosomal setae which extend beyond the posterior mar- gin of the gnathosoma. Panamanian specimens differ little from Venezuelan material. The distal seta of coxa I is somewhat more robust in our speci- mens. 36 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Laelaps nuttalli Hirst Laelaps nuttalli Hirst, 1915, Bull. Ent. Res., 6: 183 (Colombo, Ceylon). Laelaps hawaiiensis Ewing, 1924, Bull. B. P. Bishop Mus. Honolulu, 98: 118. Haemolaelaps nuttalli Turk, 1950, Parasitology, 40, (1-2), p. 67. MATERIAL EXAMINED: 11 females from Rattus norvegicus, 6 females from Proechimys semispinosus, plus hundreds of specimens in alcohol from Rattus rattus; Canal Zone, July 1959 to December 1961, collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. REMARKS : L. nuttalli has a short, spinif orm distal seta and a longer pili- form proximal seta on coxa I. The distance between the first pair of epigy- nial setae is about the same as the distance between the fourth pair. Speci- mens from Panama fall within the range of intra-specific variation for this species and are very similar to specimens from the United States. Laelaps paulistanensis Fonseca. Plate 27. Laelaps paulistanensis Fonseca, 1935, XII Int. Congr. Zool., p. 1610. MATERIAL EXAMINED: 6 females from Oryzomys alfaroi from Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), January and February 1960, collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. REMARKS : L. paulistanensis is the largest of the Panamanian species and as in L. dearmasi, its epigynial plate is greatly expanded so that the distance between the second pair of setae is at least twice as great as the distance between the fourth pair. Our specimens are smaller (936 /* compared with 1030 ^ recorded by Fonseca) , the anterior setae of the dorsal plate are longer, the anal plate is broader in outline, and the anterior margin straighter than is described and figured by Fonseca (1936). However, the measurements of the ventral plates and setae and the coxal seate conform quite closely to Fonseca's de- scription. Laelaps pilifer Tipton, new species. Plates 28, 30 (figs. 5, 11) . DIAGNOSIS : L. pilifer n. sp., belongs to a species complex which includes L. paulistanensis Fonseca, L. differens Fonseca, L. castroi Fonseca, L. oryzomydis Pratt and Lane, and L. manguinhosi Fonseca. L. paulistanensis and L. pilifer have short delicate setae on the dorsal plate, a robust proximal seta and a piliform distal seta on coxa I. L. paulistanensis is a larger species (idiosoma over 1000 /* compared with 510 /*) and the distance between the second pair of epigynial setae is four times the distance between the fourth pair, while it is approximately three times in L. pilifer. In the latter species the distal seta of coxa I is much more delicate and the proximal seta shorter than in L. paulistanensis. DESCRIPTION : Idiosoma. 510 /* long, by 322 M wide. Dorsum. Dorsal plate elliptical, with prominent shoulders; 477 n long by 292 /t wide; covers almost entire dorsum leaving only narrow, latero-posterior band of soft integument. Setae of dorsal plate rather delicate, not reaching to bases of setae in next row; 35 pairs; penultimate pair much smaller than medial setae; last pair longer than others; one pair of round pores adjacent to penultimate setae, an additional pair cephalad and laterad of these. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 37 Venter. Tritosternum bifurcate, pilose. Sternal plate 108 ^ wide by 86 /* long with three pairs setae of about same length; two pairs slit-like pores. Endapodal plates rather well defined; setae about same size as sternal setae. Epigynial plate expanded, with four pairs setae; distance between first pair 80 p., second pair 145 /*, third pair 88 /x, fourth pair 52 /*; surface of plate with transverse lines. Metapodal plates discrete. Anal plate shield-like; 77 /j. wide by 58 /j. long (measured to base of postanal seta) ; adanal setae originate cephalad of posterior margin of anus ; 31 /* long. Postanal seta 40 /* long. Approximately 10 pairs setae on unarmed venter. Peritreme reaches beyond middle of coxa II ; extends posterior of stigma. Legs. Robust, with claws and caruncles. Leg IV longest, leg III shortest. Coxae I, III with spiniform setae; proximal seta of coxa I short, spiniform; distal seta very delicate, shorter than proximal seta. Dorsal apices of femur and genu I with setae no stronger than dorsal setae. Gnathosoma. Deutosternum with seven rows of two to five teeth per row. Gnatho- somal setae slightly more than one-half length of medial hypostomal setae. Epipharynx long, apex rounded. Hypostome bipartite, fimbriate. Chelae well developed, toothed; fixed digit with long, slightly inflated seta. Tectum single, membranous flap; apex rounded. TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female from Oryzomys capita (field no. 7104) , Rio Seteganti (Darien), 5 February 1961, collected by C. M. Keenan, V. J. Tipton and C. E. Yunker. In the collection of the United States National Museum. Paratypes : 80 females from O. capita, 2 females from O. caligino- sus and 1 female from 0. bombycinus, Cerro Azul ; 57 females from O. capita, 9 females from Proechimys semispinosus and 1 female from Didelphis marsupialis, Camp Pina (Canal Zone) ; 10 females from O. capita, Rio Seteganti (Darien) ; 8 females from O. capita, Cerro Hoya (Los Santos) ; July 1956 to February 1962, collected by R. M. Altman, C. O. Handley, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. In the collections of the Environmental Health Branch, Canal Zone, and V. J. Tipton. Laelaps thori Fonseca. Plates 29, 30 (figs. 1, 8). Laelaps thori Fonseca, 1939b, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 111 (transl., p. 133), fig. 5. MATERIAL EXAMINED: 14 females from Oryzomys albigularis and 2 fe- males from Peromyscus flavidus, Rancho Mojica (Bocas del Toro) , Septem- ber 1961, collected by V. J. Tipton; 3 females from O. albigularis, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), February 1960, collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tip- ton ; 2 females from O. capita, Cerro Azul, July 1956, collected by R. M. Alt- man and C. M. Keenan. REMARKS: L. thori has delicate dorsal setae and the proximal seta of coxa I is stout but not spiniform. A comparison of our specimens with fig- ures given by Fonseca reveals some differences which may constitute spe- cific characters. In our specimens the venter is more setose, the anal plate appears to be wider, and the dorsal setae are shorter and more delicate. In spite of these differences we are referring our specimens to this species. In specimens from Cerro Azul (pi. 29) the proximal seta is shorter and thicker than in those from Rancho Mojica, and there are two or three more setae on the venter. Specimens from Cerro Punta are closer to Fonseca's figures than those from Rancho Mojica and the Rancho Mojica specimens are closer than those from Cerro Azul. This entire series is probably con- specific and may even be an extension of the L. pilifer-castroi complex. 38 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Laelaps species. Plate 30 (figs. 2, 10) . MATERIAL EXAMINED : A single female from Oryzomys bicolor, Camp Pifia (Canal Zone), 29 August 1956, collected by R. M. Altman and C. M. Keenan. REMARKS : This specimen differs markedly from L. pilifer n. sp. in that the gnathosomal setae are minute, the proximal seta of coxa I is setiform, not spinif orm and the pilus dentilis is inflated as in Haemolaelaps. Although it probably represents an undescribed species of Laelaps, we shall await fur- ther material before making a decision as to its disposition. Comments on the Genus Laelaps We are not satisfied with this arrangement of the Laelaps species. It is only tentative. We lack basic biological information e.g., on host specific- ity, ecological and geographical patterns, and morphological changes in rela- tion to age essential to an understanding of the systematics of a taxon. Apparently the species of this genus have a wide geographic range. Within a large group of specimens, the castroi-pilifer-thori complex, there are several more or less distinct subgroups. The characters which separate the species of the complex are not clearly defined and there is ex- treme variation within a long series from the same host specimen. Charac- ters thought to be constant in this genus, e.g., shape and size of coxal setae, plate size and shape and details of the chelicerae, are variable even on the same specimen. If one could obtain specimens from enough localities a few miles apart, it is possible that one would find clines of characters throughout Central and South America. Many species now regarded as distinct might prove to represent population differences along these clines. Genus Mysolaelaps Fonseca Mysolaelaps Fonseca, 1935, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 10: 17. Type-species: Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca, 1935. We have collected only one species of Mysolaelaps although a second is probably present. Mysolaelaps heteronychus Fonseca occurs on a species of Rhipidomys in Venezuela. We have been unable to collect this host in Panama, although one species is represented in the fauna. Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca. Plate 31. Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca, 1936, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 10: 17. (Sao Paulo, Brazil). MATERIAL EXAMINED: 2 females from Oryzomys capito, El Valle, 27 March 1957, and 3 females from O. fulvescens, Cerro Jeffe, 7 February 1958, collected by R. M. Altman and C. M. Keenan. REMARKS : Mysolaelaps parvispinosus is readily separated from the other two neotropical species of Mysolaelaps. The genito-ventral setae of M. heteronychus are minute and approximately equal in size, while in M. par- vispinosus the first pair of genito-ventral setae are much smaller than the last three pairs. The sternal setae of M. microspinosus are small and ap- TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 39 proximately equal in size whereas the first pair of sternal setae of M. par- vispinosus are small, the second and third pairs are more robust and are more than twice as long as the first pair. The first pair of epigynial setae measure 68 to 80 /j, long whereas they were only 57 //, long in specimens from Brazil and Venezuela. The fourth pair of epigynial setae are more widely separated in our specimens (169- 198 /j.; mean of five specimens, 175 /x) than in Venezuelan specimens (130 to 156 ju,; mean of five specimens, 151 p.). Although our series is small there appears to be considerable variation in this species. Genus Steptolaelaps Furman Steptolaelaps Furman, 1955b, Jour. Parasit., 41, (5), p. 519. Type-species : Neolaelaps heteromys Fox. Only one species of this genus has been collected in Panama. Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox). Plates 32, 33. Neolaelaps heteromys Fox, 1947, Zoologica, 32, (3), pp. 117-119 (Venezuela). Steptolaelaps heteromydis Furman, 1955b, Jour. Parasit., 41, (5), p. 521. Steptolaelaps heteromys Furman and Tipton, 1961, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle; 21, (60), p. 195. MATERIAL EXAMINED : 7 males and 43 females from Heteromys desmares- tianus; 23 males, 71 females and 2 nymphs from H. australis; 4 females from Liomys adspersus; 2 females from Oryzomys sp. ; 1 female from Tylomys panamensis ; from the Canal Zone, Rio Seteganti, Cerro Azul, and El Valle; March 1957, January and February 1958, January and October 1960, col- lected by R. M. Altman, C. M. Keenan, V. J. Tipton and C. E. Yunker. REMARKS: S. heteromys is distinct from the only other species of the genus, S. liomydis, in having long and tapering (rather than short) gnathosomal setae and in details of the female chelicerae (Furman, 1955b) . The adanal setae in our specimens appear to be slightly longer than in those figured by Furman (1955b) . Otherwise, our specimens are remarkable for their lack of variation. These mites are most commonly associated with heteromyid rodents and have been collected most frequently at elevations below 3000 feet. We have collected 76 specimens of Heteromys desmarestianus at elevations above 3000 feet. None of them harbored S. heteromys. Genus Tur Baker and Wharton Protonyssus Turk, 1946, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 13:347. Tur Baker and Wharton, 1952, Introd. Acar., p. 85 (new name for Protonyssus Turk, not Protonyssus Trouessart, 1915). Furman and Tipton, 1958, Jour. Parasit., 44, (5), pp. 541-7 (redescription of genus). Type-species : by original designation and monotypy, Protonyssus uniscutatus Turk. A new species, described below, possesses characteristics of both Laelaps and Tur. This has raised serious doubts as to the validity of the genus Tur. However, we choose to recognize it for the time being. 40 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Tur anomalus Tipton, new species. Plates 30 (figs. 3, 12), 34. DIAGNOSIS: Tur anomalus n. sp., runs to T. lativentralis (Fonseca) in the key provided by Furman and Tipton ( 1961 ) . It is similar to that species in that the anal plate is separate from the epigynial plate and the gnathoso- mal and hypostomal setae are reduced in both species. However, T. anoma- lus is only 525 ^ long whereas T. lativentralis is more than 1000 /x. In addi- tion, the setae of coxa I are very short and robust and the adanal setae do not reach the base of the postanal seta in T, anomalus, while the setae of coxa I are at least half the length of the coxa and the adanal setae reach beyond the base of the postanal seta in T. lativentralis. DESCRIPTION : Idiosoma. 525 /j. long by 309 /j. wide. Dorsum. Dorsal plate strongly elliptical, with prominent shoulders; 504 p long by 260 fj. wide; does not cover entire dorslim, with narrow postero-lateral band of soft integument. Setae of dorsal plate in definite pattern; 39 pairs setae; some reticulation adjacent to bases of setae. Venter. Tritosternum pilose. Sternal plate 128 /* wide by 109 fj. long. Anterior margin straight, posterior margin slightly convex; three pairs sternal setae of approxi- mately same length; two pairs slit-like pores. Endapodal plates fairly well defined; setae slightly longer than sternal setae. Metapodal plates elliptical. Epigynial plate expanded; with four pairs of setae; distance between first pair of setae 62 /*, second pair 108 /*, third pair 126 /*, fourth pair 92 M; posterior margin truncate, in juxta- position with anal plate. Anal plate broadly triangular with straight anterior margin ; 92 fj. wide by 71 fj. long (measured to base of postanal seta) ; adanal setae with bases cephalad of posterior margin of anus; 24 ^ long; postanal seta 28 /JL long. Approxi- mately nine pairs of setae on unarmed portion of venter. Peritremalia posterior to stigmata broad, lying in juxtaposition with parapodal plates which partially encircle coxae IV; peritremes sinuate, reaching to anterior margin of coxae II. Legs. Coxa I with two stout, striated, spiniform setae; proximal seta longer than distal seta; spiniform setae on coxae II and III; femur I with strong spiniform seta on ventral surface, two strong setae on dorsal surface. Legs I and II more robust than other legs; leg IV longest, leg III shortest. Gnathosoma. Deutosternum with usual rows of teeth. Gnathosomal setae slightly coarser than medial hypostomal setae. Epipharynx tongue-like, with medial groove. Details of the chelicerae not readily discernible but long seta at base of chela; chelae toothed; pilus dentilis apparently absent. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female from Hoplomys gymnurus (field no. 4038), Cerro Azul (Panama), 29 January 1958, collected by R. M. Altman and C. M. Keenan. In the collection of the United States National Museum. Eleven paratype females, same data and repository as the holotype. REMARKS: T. anomalus exhibits even more characteristics of Laelaps than does T. lativentralis. The gnathosomal and hypostomal setae are re- duced. The posterior margin of the sternal plate is not deeply invaginated and the setae of the dorsal plate as well as of the venter are not robust as in other species of the genus. The broad peritremalia, the anal plate lying in juxtaposition with the epigynial plate and the details of the female chelicerae, though not clearly visible, show some affinities with other species of Tur. The discovery of this species emphasizes again (Furman and Tipton, 1961) that the differences between Tur and Laelaps are not as marked as was first supposed. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 41 Tur uniscutatus (Turk) . Plates 35, 36. Protonyssus uniscutatus Turk, 1946, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 13: 347. Tur uniscutatus Baker and Wharton, 1952, Introd. Acar., p. 85. Furman and Tipton, 1958, Jour. Parasit., 44 (5), pp. 541-547. MATERIAL EXAMINED: 1228 females and 43 males from Proechimys semispinosus from the Canal Zone ; 303 females from P. semispinosus from Almirante (Bocas del Toro) and 21 females and 1 male from P. semispinosus from Cerro Azul; 16 females from Didelphis marsupialis, 3 females from Marmosa robinsoni, 1 female from Philander opossum and 1 female from Heteromys desmarestianus , Camp Pina (Canal Zone) ; 13 females from Nasua nasua, Gamboa (Canal Zone) ; 6 females from Hoplomys gymnurus, Cerro Azul and Almirante ; 13 females from "rat", Barro Colorado Island ; collected from July 1956 to July 1960 by R. M. Altman, C. 0. Handley, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. REMARKS: More than 95 percent of our 1649 specimens are from Proechimys semispinosus. Although this represents a long series, the range of variation is not as great as in species of other neotropical genera. Plates 35 and 36 show the extremes in variation, mostly differences in the diameter of the gnathosomal setae, size and number of setae on the venter, and minor differences in the details of the female chelicerae. Figures of Panamanian specimens given by Furman and Tipton (1958) differ slightly from our il- lustrations in these same characters. A study of all the specimens from which the drawings were made reveals that the differences are not as great as the illustrations indicate. However, specimens from Bocas del Toro do have heavier body setae and the female holoventral plate is slightly more ex- panded than in specimens from other localities. 42 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA HOST-PARASITE LIST Class MAMMALIA Order MARSUPIALIA Family Didelphidae Marmosa robinsoni Tur uniscutatus (Turk) Didelphis marsupialis Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca oudemansi Fonseca Laelaps pilifer n. sp. Tur uniscutatus (Turk) Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Philander opossum Tur uniscutatus (Turk) Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Metachirus nudicaudatus Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Order RODENTIA Suborder Sciuromorpha Family Sciuridae Sciurus granatensis Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Family Heteromyidae Heteromys australis Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox) Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Heteromys desmarestianus Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox) Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman Tur uniscutatus (Turk) Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Liomys adspersus Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox) Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Suborder Myomorpha Family Cricetidae Oryzomys albigularis Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca Laelaps thori Fonseca Oryzomys alfaroi Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca inca Fonseca oudemansi Fonseca Laelaps castroi Fonseca " paulistanensis Fonseca Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Oryzomys bicolor Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca Laelaps sp. Oryzomys bombycinus Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca oudemansi Fonseca Laelaps pilifer n. sp. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Oryzomys caliginosus Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca oudemansi Fonseca wolffsohni (Oudemans) Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton pilifer n. sp. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Oryzomys capito Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca oudemansi Fonseca wolffsohni (Oudemans) Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton pilifer n. sp. " thori Fonseca Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca Oryzomys fulvescens Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca wolffsohni (Oudemans) Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman Laelaps castroi Fonseca Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Oryzomys sp. Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox) Nectomys alfari Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca oudemansi Fonseca wolffsohni (Oudemans) Echinolaelaps lowei n. sp. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Tylomys panamensis Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox) Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Nyctomys sumichrasti Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Reithrodontomys creper Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Reithrodontomys mexicanus Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES 43 Reithrodontomys sumichrasti Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Peromyscus flavidus Gigantolaelaps Inca Fonseca oudemansi Fonseca Laelaps thori Fonseca Peromyscus nudipes Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca Laelaps castroi Fonseca Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Zygodontomys microtinus Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca goyanensis Fonseca oudemansi Fonseca wolffsohni (Oudemans) Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Scotinomys teguina Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Scotinomys xerampelinus Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Sigmodon hispidus Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca oudemansi Fonseca wolffsohni (Oudemans) Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Family Muridae Rattus norvegicus Laelaps nuttalli Hirst Rattus rattus Echinolaelaps echidninus (Berlese) Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton nuttalli Hirst Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Suborder Hystricomorpha Family Echimyidae Proechimys semispinosus Tur uniscutatus (Turk) Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton nuttalli Hirst pilifer n. sp. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Hoplomys gymnurus Tur uniscutatus (Turk) anomalus n. sp. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) Order CARNIVORA Family Procyonidae Nasua nasua Tur uniscutatus (Turk) References ALLRED, D. M. 1958. Mites found on mice of the genus Peromyscus in Utah. IV. Families Lae- laptidae and Phytoseiidae (Acarina). Pan-Pac. Ent., 34, (1): 17-32, pis. I-VI. BAKER, E. W., AND WHARTON, G. W. 1952. An introduction to acarology. New York, Macmillan Co., xiii + 465 pp., 377 figs. BERLESE, A. 1882-1902. Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. Portici et Padua. 1910. Lista di nuove specie e nuovi generi di Acari. Redia, 6, (1909), pp. 242-271. EWING, H. E. 1924. Ectoparasites of some Polynesian and Malaysian rats of the genus Rattus. Bull. B. P. Bishop Museum, 14: 7-11, 1 fig., 1 map. 1925. New parasitic mites of the genus Laelaps. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 27: 1-7. 1929. A manual of external parasites. Springfield, Illinois. Charles C. Thomas. xv + 225 pp., 96 figs. 1933. New genera and species of parasitic mites of the super-family Parasitoidea. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82, art. 30, pp. 1-14, 4 pis. FONSECA, F. DA. 1936. Notas de Acareologia. XVIII. Generos e especies de acarianos parasitas de ratos (Acari. Laelaptidae). Mem. Inst. Butantan, 10: 17-23. ] 937. New genera and species of Acari "Laelaptidae" from Brazilian rodents. XII Int. Congr. Zool., Lisboa, pp. 1597-1615, 1 fig. 1939a. Notas de Acareologia. XXV. Os Laelaptidae gigantes, parasitas de reodores sul-americanos ; genero e especies' novos (Acari). Mem. Inst. Butantan, 12: 7-53, figs. 1-30. (English translation, pp. 55-102). 1939b. Notas de Acareologia. XXVI. Novos estudos sobre o genero Laelaps Koch, 1836 (Acari. Laelaptidae). Loc. cit., pp. 103-123, figs. 1-9. (English transla- tion, pp. 125-145). 1958. Notas de Acareologia. XLIV. Inquerito sobre a fauna acarologica de para- sitas no Nordeste do Brasil. Mem. Inst. Butantan, 28: 99-186, figs. 1-54. 1960. Notes d'Acarologie. XLV. Enquete Acarologique au Perou. Acarologia, 2, (1), pp. 1-34, figs. 1-12. Fox, I. 1947. Notes on ectoparasites from Venezuela (Siphonaptera and Acarina). Zoo- logica, 32, (3), pp. 117-119, figs. 1-2. 44 TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN I LAELAPTINE MITES 45 FURMAN, D. P. 1955a. Revision of the genus Eubr achy lae laps (Acarina: Laelaptidae) with the descriptions of two new species from Mexico. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 48: 51-59, pis. I-III. 1955b. Steptolaelaps, a new genus of mites parasitic on neotropical rodents. Jour. Parasit., 41, (5), pp. 519-525, figs. 1-12. FURMAN, D. P., AND TIPTON, V. J. 1958. Tur uniscutatus (Turk) 1946 (Acarina: Laelaptidae) from neotropical ro- dents. Jour. Parasit., 44, (5), pp. 541-547, pis. I-II. 1961. Acaros parasites laelaptine (Acarina: Laelaptidae) de Venezuela. Mem. Soc. Cienc. La Salle, 21, (60), pp. 166-212, pis. I-XII. HIRST, STANLEY 1915. On some new acarine parasites of rats. Bull. Ent. Res., 6: 183-190, figs. 1-8. KOCH, C. L. 1835-44. Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Fauna. Herausgegeben von Herrich-Schaffer. 40 parts. MORLAN, H. B. 1951. Notes on the genus Gigantolaelaps and description of a new species, Giganto- laelaps cricetidarum (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Jour. Parasit., 37: 273-279, pis. I-II. STRANDTMANN, R. W. 1949. The blood-sucking mites of the genus Haemolaelaps (Acarina: Laelaptidae) in the United States. Jour. Parasit., 35, (3), pp. 325-352, figs. 1-45, tab. 1. TIPTON, V. J. 1960. The genus Laelaps with a review of the Laelaptinae and a new subfamily Alphalaelaptinae (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 16, (6), pp. 233-356, pis. 22-47. TURK, F. A. 1947. A new genus and two new species of mites parasitic on Muridae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 13, (1946), pp. 347-354, figs. 1-2. 1950. Studies of Acari. VI. Parasitic mites from mammalian hosts obtained in Ceylon. Parasitology, 40, (1-2), pp. 63-76, figs. 1-15. PLATE 1. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Echinolaelaps lowei Tipton, new species, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 2. Eubrachylaelaps jamesoni Furman, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, anal plate. 4, ventral view. PLATE 3. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA A.MflAZOE Coxa I and sternal plates. Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonesca (figs. 4, 8). G. goyanensis Fonseca (figs. 1, 6). G. oudemansi Fonseca (figs. 2, 7). G. wolffsohni (Oudemans) (figs. 3, 5,9, 10). TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 4. Gigantolaelaps gilmorei Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 5. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Gigantolaelaps goyanensis Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, anal plate. 4, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 6. Gigantolaelaps inca Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, chela. 3, gnathosoma. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 7. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Gigantolaelaps oudemansi Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 8. Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni (Oudemans), female, group A, from Oryzomys caliginosus, Cerro Campana. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral PLATE 9. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni (Oudemans), female, group B, from Oryzomys capita El Valle. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 10. Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni (Oudemans), female, group C, from Sigmodon hispidus, Al- mirante. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, ventral view. PLATE 11. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni (Oudemans), female, group D, from Oryzomys fulvescens, Rancho Mojica. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN I LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 12. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Peromyscus nudipes, Rancho Mojica, and Reithrodontomys sumichrasti, Cerro Punta. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 13. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Nyctomys sumichrasti, Cerro Azul. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 14. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Liomys adspersus, Canal Zone. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 15. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Sigmodon hispidus, Canal Zone. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 16. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) , female, from Oryzomys fulvescens, Canal Zone. 1, dor- sal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 17. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Hoplomys gymnunis, Cerro Azul. 1, dor- sal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 18. 50 NO be Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Philander opossum, Canal Zone. 1, dor- sal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 19. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Sciurus granatensis, Canal Zone. 1, dor- sal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN I LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 20. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Oryzomys capito, Cerro Azul. 1, dorsal plate. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 21. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Nectomys alfari, Cerro Azul. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 22. Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Metachirus nudicaudatus, Canal Zone. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 23. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), female, from Metachirus nudicaudatus, Cerro Azul. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN I LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 24. Laelaps castroi Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, coxa I. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 25. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 26. Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton, male. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 27. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA r*" Laelaps paulistanensis Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, chela. 3, gnathosoma. 4, anal plate. 5, coxa I. 6, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 28. sonobe. Laelaps pilifer Tipton, new species, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 29. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Laelaps thori Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 30. Coxa I and anal plate. Laelaps dearmasi Furman and Tipton, female (figs. 4, 7), male (figs. 6, 9). L. pilifer Tipton, new species, female (figs. 5, 11). L. thori Fonseca, female (figs. 1, 8). Laelaps sp., female (figs. 2, 10). Tur anomalus Tipton, new species, female (figs. 3, 12). PLATE 31. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Mysolaelaps parvispinosus Fonseca, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 32. Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox), female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. PLATE 33. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Steptolaelaps heteromys (Fox), male. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 34. Tur anomalus Tipton, new species, female. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, anal plate. 4, ventral view. 5, chela (drawn from photograph). PLATE 35. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Tur uniscutatus (Turk), female, from Proechimys semispinosus, Canal Zone. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. TIPTON, ALTMAN, AND KEENAN : LAELAPTINE MITES PLATE 36. Tur uniscutatus (Turk), female, from Hoplomys gymnurus, Cerro Azul. 1, dorsal view. 2, gnathosoma. 3, chela. 4, anal plate. 5, ventral view. The Dermanyssid Mites of Panama ( Acarina : Dermanyssidae ) CONRAD E. YUNKER X AND FRANK J. RADOVSKY 2 The dermanyssid mites of Panama have previously been known only from a single record of Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) , published by Ewing (1922). Intensive sampling of these blood-sucking parasitic mites was ac- complished by the senior author from 1960 to 1962 in conjunction with a survey of acarine-borne diseases. Collections were made from over 3000 Panamanian vertebrates, mostly mammals. Hosts were collected by shoot- ing or trapping. A large percentage of the bats were caught in mist nets. Parasites were taken either by combing carcasses that had been kept over- night in individual plastic bags, or from pans of water where they had dropped from carcasses suspended overnight by strings above the pans. Many hosts, but not all, were sampled for intranasal mites by a nasal wash- ing technique (Yunker, 1961). As a result, 41 species of Dermanyssidae were found. At least 11 of these are new species, of which only four are described here. The remaining seven, all from bats, will be described in a revision of world-wide species of bat-infesting dermanyssids (Radovsky, in ms.) . A new genus is erected for one of the new species described here, and Neoichoronyssus dentipes is transferred to another new genus. Keys to the species from Panama and a host list are provided. Of particular interest is the absence of dermanyssid mites from rice rats (Oryzomys spp.). Over 100 rice rats representing at least seven spe- cies were examined, but dermanyssid mites were never found. Neither do Strandtmann and Wharton (1958) list dermanyssids for Oryzomys. Host specificity may account for this lack of association. On the other hand, 1 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Middle America Research Unit, Balboa Heights, Canal Zone, and Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. 2 Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley. Present address: George Williams Hooper Foundation, The University of California Medical Center, San Francisco. 83 84 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA infestation with dermanyssids may be precluded by the presence of species of Gigantolaelaps, the predominant mesostigmate mites on Panamanian Oryzomys. The disease survey that permitted collateral collection of most of the mites reported here was originated by Dr. James M. Brennan, Rocky Moun- tain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. Dr. Alexis Shelokov, Chief, Labora- tory of Tropical Virology and Dr. Henry Beye, Director, Middle America Research Unit, provided administrative support for the survey. Maj. Vernon J. Tipton and Mr. Charles M. Keenan, Environmental Health Branch, United States Army Caribbean, generously facilitated our collect- ing and on occasion provided field men, Pantaleon Sanchez, Vicente Alvarez, Victor Barria, and Wilbur Lowe, who worked long and hard and took an active interest in our program. Our own assistants, Belgica Rodriquez R. and Angel Munoz, Middle America Research Unit, enthusiastically and care- fully performed the laborious preparatory work involved in such a program. Mammals were identified by Dr. Charles O. Handley, and Panamanian birds by Dr. Alexander Wetmore, both of the United States National Museum. Reptiles were identified by Mr. Hymen Marx, Chicago Natural History Mu- seum. Dr. Edward W. Baker, United States National Museum, Dr. Gordon M. Clark, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Mr. Pedro Galindo, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, and Dr. Jesse S. White, Delta State Teachers' College, Cleveland, Miss., provided additional material for study. Dr. Joseph H. Camin, Uni- versity of Kansas, Lawrence, examined Draconyssus belgicae and gave help- ful advice. We are grateful to all of these persons. KEY TO THE PANAMANIAN GENERA OF DERMANYSSIDAE FEMALES 1. Dorsal shield divided; metasternal setae absent; on birds Pellonyssus Clark and Yunker Without this combination of characters 2 2. Always on bats 6 On rodents, birds, or reptiles ; never on bats 3 3. At least some coxae bearing non-setigerous ventral spurs 4 Coxae without ventral spurs or coxae I or III with a setigerous spur or pedicel 5 4. Spur of coxa I bifid and setigerous Acanthonyssus n. gen. Spur of coxa I neither setigerous nor bifid Hirstionyssus Fonseca 5. With a single dorsal shield; on rodents, marsupials or birds. . . .Ornithonyssus Sambon With an anterodorsal prosomal shield and a posterodorsal pygidial shield or cluster of platelets; intranasal parasites of lizards Draconyssus n. gen. 6. Dorsal shield divided Steatonyssus Kolenati With a single dorsal shield 7 7. Caudal setae peg-like and barbed; sternal plate with band-like posterior thicken- ing; (protonymphs the stage most often collected differing from all others on bats in having claws of leg II much larger than those on other legs) Ichoronyssus Kolenati (group I) All setae smooth ; sternal plate without posterior band 8 8. Anterior margin of coxa II bearing one bifid spur or two simple spurs Radfordiella Fonseca Anterior margin of coxa II with one simple spur 9 9. Legs' stout, leg I more so than leg II ; with ridge-like ventral elevations on coxae I-IV ; palpal trochanter without process New genus no. 1 YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 85 Legs moderate in thickness; leg I no stouter, usually more slender, than leg II ; with ventral elevations on coxae II-IV but not on coxa I ; palpal trochanter with ven- tral spur or ridge 10 10. Chelae edentate; palpal trochanter with ventral spur arising distally Ichoronyssus Kolenati (group II) Fixed chela with two slender, curved, ventral teeth; palpal trochanter with ridge- like process arising along most of its length. . . .Ichoronyssus Kolenati (group III) Genus Pellonyssus Clark and Yunker Pellonyssus Clark and Yunker, 1956, Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash., 23:93. Type-species: Pellonyssus passeri Clark and Yunker, 1956. KEY TO NEW WORLD SPECIES FEMALES 1. Peritreme long, reaching to mid-level of coxa I; anteromarginal spur of coxa II absent P. marui n. sp. Peritreme short, not reaching past mid-level of coxa II; anteromarginal spur of coxa II present 2 2. First sternal setae short (<15 /j.) ; sternal plate crescentic, nine or 10 times wider than long P. passeri Clark and Yunker First sternal setae long ( >40 /*) ; sternal plate rectangular, not more than six times wider than long P. gorgasi n. sp. Pellonyssus marui, new species. Figure 1E-H. DIAGNOSIS: Similar to P. passeri (fig. 1A-D) ; differing in size (smaller), in having a relatively longer sternal plate, in lacking an antero- marginal spur on coxa II and in the longer peritreme. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Partially engorged; body approximately 330 n wide at stigmata, 510 /* long exclusive of gnathosoma; dark brown in life. Venter. Tritosternum with two pilose laciniae. Sternal plate a short, wide band about 20 fi long by 165 n wide. First pair of sternal setae about 19 /u. long, second pair more than twice as long (45 fj.) and third pair nearly three times as long (58 /u). Sternal plate with two pairs of slit-like pores. Third and fourth pairs of pores inserted on small circular platelets on integument; the former near coxae II, the latter near coxae III. Two similar pairs of pores on circular platelets seen ventrally on opisthosoma. Meta- sternal s'etae absent. Epigynial plate pointed posteriorly, reaching past fourth coxae; with a single pair of setae (26 /*) . Anal plate ovoid, with flat anterior margin. Anal opening in anterior part of plate. Paired adanal setae (32 /u) arising on either side of anal opening just posterior to its midpoint. Single postanal seta shorter than adanals (20 /j.) and arising anterior to cribrum. Peritremal plate posteriorly embracing coxa IV, anteriorly continuing on venter to humeral region, proceeding dorsally for a short distance at level with coxa I. Peritreme about 230 p long, arising posteriorly in stigma at level of coxa IV and terminating anteriorly at mid-level of coxa I. Postcoxal apodeme III continuous with peritremal plate and extending into the lateral vaginal wall as spur- shaped apodeme. Opisthosoma with 13 pairs of setai that increase in size posteriorly (f^om 25 fj. at level of epigynial plate to 70 p. at end of idiosoma). Dorsum. Dorsal shield divided, both segments large, covering most of idiosoma. Anterior (prosomal) shield about 220 n wide at posterior end, 220 ^ long, roughly tri- angular; posterior margin straight; surface reticulate, bearing nine pairs of setae: five lateral and four submedian, the former about 23 /u. long, the latter about 17 /. long, and a single pair of anterior, lyriform pores. A pair of minute vertical setae (5 n) on integument just anterior to shield. Posterior shield slightly narrower than base of an- terior shield, about 170 /u wide at anterior end, 260 /j, long. Anterior margin straight, lateral margins tapering to a blunt point. Shield strongly reticulate, with six pairs 86 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA of setae: the three posterior pairs submarginal, increasing in size posteriorly (13 n- 17 /J.-26 /*) , the three anterior pairs submedian, about 15-17 /u long. Dorsal integu- ment with 27-28 pairs of setae (including verticals), those posterior and lateral heavier and longer (e.g., 48 /*) than those anterior and median (e.g., 19 /*). Gnathosoma. Chelicerae with elongate, attenuate apical segment (210 //, long by 7-10 n wide), and shorter wider basal segment (93 /u, long by 14 // wide) ; terminating in small, shear-like chelae. Chelae with two recurved teeth on movable digit, and a membranous fringe on fixed digit. Legs. All legs with caruncles and paired claws. Coxa II without obvious antero- marginal spur. MALE: Body approximately 270 ^ wide at stigmata, 430 //, long exclusive of gnatho- soma. Holoventral plate irregular in outline, approximately parallel-sided between coxae, widening slightly posterior to coxae IV, markedly constricted at beginning of anal plate; surface reticulate, with six to eight pairs of setae in addition to three setae on anal plate. First sternal seta3 approximately 5 /j. long, second and third approx- imately 23 /j. long; metasternal setae absent; genital setae approximately 20 /* long; two to four pairs of ventral integumental setae of size similar to that of genital setae; paired adanal setae (30 /a) arising on either side of posterior of anal opening, shorter (21 /j.) postanal seta arising anterior to cribrum. Ventral and ventrolateral aspects of unsclerotized venter with eight to ten pairs of setae, the lateral and terminal setae heavier and longer (e.g., 46 AC) than the ventral setae (e.g., 20 p) . Peritreme arising at stigma located at level of coxa IV, curving regularly to anterior level of coxa II; approximately 155 /u long. Tritosternum with two laciniae, pilose from base anteriorly. Coxa II without obvious anterodorsal spur. Dorsal shield entire, elongate and narrow (496 (j. long by 225 /* wide), tapering to blunt point, surface reticulate, with 12 pairs of setae. Dorsum with 15-17 pairs of non-plate setae, of sizes similar to corresponding setae on venter. Chelicerae shorter and stouter than in female, basal segment expanded, remainder elongate and narrow, length of apical segment, including chelae, 130 //.. Sper- matodactyl 19 /a long, bifurcate, with both members of nearly equal length, the thicker member trough-like. Fixed chela shorter and narrower than spermatodactyl. Deuto- sternum with eight teeth in single file. PROTONYMPH (unfed) : Body approximately 296 /* long by 185 n wide. Sternal plate oval, 111 ft, long by 93 /* wide; with three pairs of setae, each 25 ^ long. Anal plate oval, 67 /j. long by 56 n wide, with a pair of adanal setae (37 /u) and a single postanal seta (19 /n). Anus near anterior margin of plate. Five pairs of non-plate setae on venter. Peritreme originating in stigma at level of coxa IV and extending anterior to level of middle of coxa III, approximately 37 /a long. Coxa II without obvious antero- marginal spur. Tritosternum with two indistinctly pilose laciniae. Dorsum with four shields: one large prosomal (177 M long by 179 ^ wide), one smaller pygidial (37 /t long by 92 /j. wide) and two minute irregular platelets (18 /u, diam.) just posterior to prosomal plate. Prosomal shield with nine pairs of setae, each 10 /u long; a pair of minute verti- cal setae on integument just anterior to shield. Pygidial shield with three pairs of setae, the anteriormost pair minute (7 //. long), the other two pairs heavier and longer (48 /it and 60 ^). Chelicera functional, similar in form to that of female. Apical seg- ment, including chelae, approximately 150 /A long. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66608), 4 paratype females, 1 paratype protonymph and 2 paratype males from nest of Cassidix mexicanus, Ancon (Canal Zone), 10 May 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker and N. Smith; 17 paratype females, 11 paratype protonymphs and 2 para- type males from Vireo flavoviridis, and 7 paratype females from Turdus grayi, Carrasquilla (Panama), 3 June 1961, collected by A. Munoz; 2 paratype females from Progne chalybea, Corozal ice plant (Canal Zone), 11 April 1961, collected by C. M. Keenan; 4 paratype females, 2 paratype males and 1 paratype protonymph from nest and young of Columbigallina YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 87 talpacoti, Corozal (Canal Zone) , 26 June 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker and A. Munoz. Paratype specimens to be distributed among the collections of the fol- lowing institutions : United States National Museum ; Chicago Natural His- tory Museum ; British Museum (Natural History) , London ; Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana; Institute of Acarology, Ohio State Uni- versity, Columbus; Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley; Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence ; South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannes- burg. Fig. 1. Pellonyssus passeri Clark and Yunker. A, female sternal plate. B, female coxa II. C, female anal plate. D, male chelae. Pellonyssus marui, new species. E, female sternal plate. F, female coxa II. G, female anal plate. H, male chelae. Pellonyssus gorgasi, new species, female. I, sternal plate ; J, coxa II ; K, anal plate. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED : Pellonyssus marui was also seen from neotropical areas other than Panama : 23 females and 1 male from Pitangus sulfuratus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 29 December 1948, collected by H. W. Krumm ; 3 females from "Gray kingbird," Little Inagua Island, British West Indies, "8-5-30," collected by H. S. Peters ; 20 females, 42 protonymphs and 15 males from Coereba portoricensis, Mayaquez, Puerto Rico, 28 March 1948, collected by Virgilio Biaggi. 88 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Pellonyssus gorgasi, new species. Figure 1 I-K. DIAGNOSIS : Differing from P. passeri and P. marui in possessing elongate sternal setae I (nearly twice as long as plate) ; differing further from P. marui in having an anteromarginal spur on coxae II and a short peritreme. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Damaged; body approximately 336 /a wide at stig- mata, 580 fjL long exclusive of gnathosoma. Venter. Tritosternum with two pilose laciniae. Sternal plate approximately rec- tangular, about 20 /u long by 113 n wide. First pair of sternal setae 43 /j. long, second pair 58 /j., and third pair 68 //.. Only the first pair of sternal pores evident on sternal plate of the holotype, lyriform; second sternal pores not seen. Third pair of pores cir- cular, on soft integument near coxae II; a fourth pair similar to third pair on soft integument near coxae IV. Metasternal setae absent. Epigynial plate pointed poste- riorly, reaching past fourth coxae; with a single pair of setae (35 /*). Anal plate broadly ovoid, with a truncate anterior margin. Anal opening in anterior of plate; paired adanal setae (26 /*) arising at level of posterior of anal opening. Single postanal seta (23 /n) arising anterior to cribrum. Peritremal plate posteriorly embracing coxa IV, anteriorly terminating at anterior level of coxa II. Peritreme about 154 /* long, posteriorly arising in stigma between coxae III and IV and anteriorly terminating at mid-level of coxa II. Postcoxal apodeme III continuous with peritremal plate and ex- tending into lateral vaginal wall as spur-shaped apodeme. Opisthosoma with 22-24 pairs of setae that increase in size posteriorly (from 34 n at level of epigynial plate to 50 fj. at end of idiosoma). Dorsum. Dorsal shield divided, both segments large, covering most of idiosoma. Anterior (prosomal) shield 255 /* wide at posterior end, 280 /u long, roughly in the shape of a triangle; posterior margin straight; surface reticulate, bearing nine pairs of setae: five lateral and four submedian, the former 20-25 n long, the latter 10-15 /* long, and one pair of anterior lyriform pores. A single pair of minute (<10 M) vertical setae on integument just anterior to shield. Posterior shield slightly narrower than base of anterior shield, about 220 ^ wide at anterior end, 270 /j. long. Anterior margin con- cave. Posterior of shield terminating in blunt point; lateral margins not tapering evenly to this point, but indented near posterior end. Shield reticulate, only five pairs of setae visible (but pygidial area poorly cleared) : the two posterior pairs marginal, the terminal pair longer (16 /*) than the subterminal (10 /*) ; the three anterior pairs submedian, about 12 p long. Dorsal integument with 30-34 pairs of setae (including verticals), those posterior and lateral heavier and longer (e.g., 50 /*) than those anterior and sublateral (e.g., 18 /u). Gnathosoma. Chelicerae with elongate, attenuate apical segment (233 /x long by 10 yu wide), and shorter, wider basal segment (18 /j. long by 20 /* wide). Chelae poorly cleared ; shear-like and apparently edentate. Legs. All legs with caruncles and paired claws. Coxa II with an elongate antero- marginal spur. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66607) from Phae- thornis guy, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), about 5200 feet elevation, 27 April 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker. Known only from the type specimen. Genus Ornithonyssus Sambon Ornithonyssus Sambon, 1928, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 22: 105. Type-species: Dermanyssus sylviarum Canestrini and Fanzago, 1878. KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES FEMALES 1. Proximal seta of coxa I arising from a spur-like elevation. . . .O. wernecki (Fonseca) Proximal seta of coxa I not pedicillate 2 YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 89 2. Sternal plate with two pairs of setae 3 Sternal plate with three pairs of setae 4 3. Medial and sublateral setae of dorsal shield short, not over 25 p.; on birds O. sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) All dorsal shield setae long, over 35 /*; on porcupines. . .Ornithonyssus coendou n. sp. 4. Setae of dorsal shield shorter than those on dorsal integument; on birds O. bursa ( Berlese) Setae of dorsal shield at least as long as those on dorsal integument ; on rodents .... 0. bacoti ( Hirst) Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) Dermanyssus sylviarum Canestrini and Fanzago, 1878, Atti R. Istit. Veneto Sci. Lett. Arti, (5), 4:124. The northern fowl mite is a common, serious, blood-sucking parasite of passeriform birds and domestic fowl in temperate regions throughout the world. Thirteen females were taken from a toucan, Aulacorhynchus prasinus, in Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), at approximately 5200 feet altitude. This is apparently the southernmost New World record for O. sylviarum, previously not recorded south of the United States. It is noteworthy, how- ever, that it has not yet been found in the tropical lowlands. This parasite should be searched for in other areas of Panama. Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst) Leiognathus bacoti Hirst, 1913, Bull. Ent. Res., 4: 122. The tropical rat mite is a common blood-sucking parasite of many species of rodents throughout the world, and is capable of attacking birds and many mammals including man. In Panama, it was the most common dermanyssid encountered and was taken during all months of the year. Preferred hosts were Proechimys semispinosus and Sigmodon hispidus. In the higher ele- vations of Chiriqui Province, it was collected only from Peromyscus nudipes. Although taken on nine occasions from Liomys adspersus, a spiny pocket mouse, it was never seen on Heteromys desmarestiamis, a closely related rodent, despite extensive collection of the latter. Other infrequent hosts were Zygodontomys microtinus and Rattus rattus. Localities involved were : both Atlantic and Pacific sides of Canal Zone; Achiote (Colon) ; Las Palmi- tas and Guanico (Los Santos) ; Cerro Punta, Bambito and El Hato (Chiri- qui). Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) Leiognathus bursa Berlese, 1888, Boll. Soc. Ent. Italiana, 20: 208. The tropical fowl mite, common on many species of birds in warmer climates of the world, was recorded by Ewing (1922) "on common hen" in the Canal Zone. Subsequent records are lacking, and the species was not encountered in this study. Here, however, birds were not frequently ex- amined. We have seen specimens from domestic fowl in Costa Rica and the species is recorded from Colombia ; there is no reason to doubt its presence in Panama. 90 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Ornithonyssus coendou, new species. Figure 2. DIAGNOSIS: Similar to O. sylviarum, differing: in size (larger), in pos- session of long, subequal setae on dorsal shield, and in having adanal setae that arise at posterior level of anal slit. Known only from the porcupine, Coendou rothschildi. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Body approximately 425 M wide at stigmata, 670 /x long exclusive of gnathosoma. Venter. Tritosternum with two pilose laciniae. Sternal plate rectangular, about 36 /it long at mid-line by 92 n wide at sternal setae II ; with two pairs of setae and two pairs of lyriform pores'; surface adjacent to setae ornamented with cell-like reticulations; parts of these reticulate areas covered with punctations. Third sternal setae on integu- ment between sternal plate and epigynial opening. Metasternal setae present, adjacent to coxae III. Third sternal pores located between sternal setae III and metasternal setae. Epigynial plate narrow, pointed posteriorly, broad and fan-shaped anteriorly, with a pair of setae. A pair of circular pores on integument near genital setae. Anal plate ovoid, with the usual three setae and posterior denticulate cribrum. Adanal setae arising at a level with posterior of anus, slightly shorter than postanal seta. Stigma large (21 fj. diam.) circular, located lateral and posterior to coxa III. Peritreme wide, extending anteriorly, bending dorsally, and terminating over mid-region of coxa I. Peritremal plate fusing with endopodal apodeme to nearly encircle coxa IV. Ventral integument with about 30 pairs of non-plate setae, those anterior smallest (e.g., 33 p), those lateral and posterior longest (e.g., 47 ^) All posteroventral setae distinctly ter- minally branched (fig. 2B). A pair of narrow elongate platelets flanking posterior end of epigynial shield. Metapodal platelets irregular, small, in lateral post-coxal area. Dorsum. With a single, long shield having sinuous lateral margins and tapering posteriorly to a narrow, rounded point. Shield with 17 pairs of setae, anteriormost pair relatively minute, others elongate (about 40 /*) , terminally branched. Dorsal integument with about 50 pairs of non-plate setae, all well developed, terminally branched and elongate. Those lateral and posterior longest (e.g., 45 /u). Legs. I and IV subequal in length, longer than II and III, which are also sub- equal. Each leg with a pretarsus bearing ambulacral claws and a small membranous caruncle. All segments without obvious spurs or protuberances, except coxa II, which bears an anteromarginal spur. All but distal leg setae terminally branched, those dorsal somewhat longer and thicker than those ventral, especially on legs I and II. Gnathosoma. Internal hypostomal setae much longer than external and anterior hypostomal setae and gnathosomal base setae. With nine or 10 deutosternal teeth ar- ranged in a single file. Hypostomal processes elongate. Palpal trochanter with a small ventral protuberance. Chelicerae chelate; chelae edentate, resembling those of other species of Ornithonyssus. MALE: Body approximately 278 ^ wide at stigmata, 450 /* long, exclusive of gnatho- soma. Holoventral plate irregular in outline, with 21 setae (occasionally one member of a pair off plate). With 10 pairs of ventral non-plate setae. Stigma as in female; peritreme extending anteriorly, bending dorsally and terminating over anterior region of coxa II. Dorsal shield broad, covering most of dorsum, tapering posteriorly to a point; with 19-21 pairs of setae similar to those of female. Dorsum with nine or 10 pairs of non-plate setae. Coxa II with usual anteromarginal spur. Palpal femur with a large ventral protuberance bearing a spiniform seta (fig. 2F). Chelicera as in female except for chela, which bears a scapiform spermatodactyl (fig. 2G). PROTONYMPH : Body approximately 520 n long by 325 ^ wide. Sternal plate shield- shaped, with three pairs of setae. Anal plate oval, with three setae. Six pairs of non- plate setae on venter. Peritremalia a short, lateral crescent. Coxa II with a small, blunt anteromarginal spur. Dorsum with prosomal plate having 10 pairs of setae, a pygidial plate having three pairs of setae, and two small, bare platelets just posterior to prosomal plate. Eleven pairs of non-plate dorsal setae. YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 91 Fig. 2. Ornithonyssus coendou, new species. A, female venter. B, female dorsum. C, female chelicera. D, female sternal and epigynial area. E, female anal plate. F, male palpal trochanter. G, male chelae. H, male holoventral plate. 92 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66610), 1 paratype fe- male and 2 paratype nymphs from Coendou rothschildi, near Pedro Miguel River, Paraiso (Canal Zone), 21 February 1962, by J. M. Brennan and C. E. Yunker, deposited in United States National Museum. Allotype male, and 10 paratype nymphs, same data, but 12 March 1962, in United States National Museum. One paratype female and 7 paratype nymphs, same data, but 26 February to 20 March 1962, in collection of Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. Ornithonyssus wernecki (Fonseca) Liponyssus wernecki Fonseca, 1935a, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 9: 70, figs. 1-8. This species is a common parasite of marsupials in Panama. Hosts from which we collected it are Didelphis marsupialis, Marmosa robinsoni, Phi- lander opossum and Metachirus nudicaudatus. Localities include France Field, Fort Sherman and Fort Gulick (Atlantic side of Canal Zone) ; Cerro Campana and Cerro Azul (Panama). Collected mainly during the drier months, March and April, we also have a collection taken in November, France Field (Canal Zone), from Didelphis marsupialis. Acanthonyssus, new genus Type-species : Ichoronyssus dentipes Strandtmann and Eads, 1947. DIAGNOSIS: Macronyssinae ; all setae smooth; dorsal shield entire and broadly rounded posteriorly; all coxae bearing one or more stout ventral spurs; coxa II with one simple anterodorsal spur; outer ventral spur of coxa I bifid and bearing proximal seta at furcation ; some middle segments of legs II-IV bearing strong recurved spurs. FEMALE: sternal plate short, without surface markings other than usual sculpturing and pores; sternal setae II much closer to III than to I; epigynial plate cuneate, with well-defined scale-like, anterior sculpturing; peritremes moderately broad, terminating over coxa I; chelae simple, without setae, teeth or other processes; palpal trochanter with distal ventral spur. MALE: ventral armature entire; palpal trochanter without process. REMARKS : Furman and Radovsky (1963) synonymized Neoichoronyssus by transferring the type-species, N. ivernecki, to Ornithonyssus. In doing so, they left the generic status of N. dentipes unresolved. This new genus is proposed for N. dentipes. Acanthonyssus dentipes (Strandtmann and Eads), new combination. Ichoronyssus dentipes Strandtmann and Eads, 1947, Jour. Parasit., 33: 31, figs. 1-3. Described from Sigmodon hispidus in Texas, this species was recovered mainly from Proechimys semispinosus in the Canal Zone (Miraflores, Sum- mit, Gamboa, Coco Solo, France Field and Fort Gulick) . It was taken only during the drier months, December to May, 1960-1962. Two collections, however, from Almirante (Bocas del Toro), August 1960, by P. Galindo were from the type host, Sigmodon hispidus. Some of the material from Proechimys showed various but not obviously consistent morphological differences from specimens from the type host. YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 93 These variations were particularly noticeable in the dimensions of the ster- nal plate (range = 23 p. long by 118 //, wide to 32 p. long by 112 p. wide) , the degree of biconcavity of the lateral margins of the dorsal shield, and the number and relative size of the ventral setae. It is possible that two species are involved here. Genus Hirstionyssus Fonseca, 1948 Hirstionyssus Fonseca, 1948, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 118:266. Type-species: Dermanyssus arcuatus Koch, 1839. Seven species of Hirstionyssus are known from Panama. They are de- scribed and keyed by Strandtmann and Yunker elsewhere in this volume. Of these, all but one are from heteromyid and cricetid rodents. The excep- tion is from squirrels. A list of the species and their hosts is included in the host list of this paper. Draconyssus, new genus Type-species : Draconyssus belgicae, new species. DIAGNOSIS: Dermanyssidae ; with two dorsal shields or with a single prosomal shield and a cluster of pygidial platelets; second cheliceral seg- ment extremely elongate, but not attenuate, at rest deeply withdrawn into idiosoma ; sternal plate with two pairs of setae ; metasternal setae absent ; epigynial setae off plate; peritreme extending to level of middle of coxa II. Male unknown. REMARKS : At this point we are unable to assign Draconyssus to a sub- family within the Dermanyssidae. We suspect it to be macronyssid and to have affinities with Ophionyssus and Sauronyssus. Cheliceral conformation the sole basis for subfamilial placement is not applicable here. The chelicerae of Draconyssus belgicae, n. sp., although extremely elongate and withdrawn into the idiosoma as in the Dermanyssinae, are also strongly chelate and definitely not attenuate, as in the Macronyssinae. A similar, but not as pronounced, elongation of the chelicerae is seen in Pellonyssus and Ophionyssus (Macronyssinae). Hystrichonyssus (Hystrichonyssinae) shows elongate attenuate chelicerae, but here the proximal segment is elon- gate whereas the second segment is normal. It has been obvious to us for some time that cheliceral modifications are unsatisfactory indicators of phy- logeny in this group. Until a better basis for classification is reached, Dra- conyssus must remain as an unassigned genus of Dermanyssidae. Draconyssus belgicae, new species. Figure 3. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Body approximately 405 /j, wide at stigmata, 668 /* long exclusive of gnathosoma. Venter. Tritosternum with two pilose laciniae and serrate lateral membranes. Ster- nal plate roughly rectangular with irregular borders, about 54 fj. long at mid-line by 93 /j, wide at sternal setae II ; with two pairs of setae and two pairs of lyrif orm pores ; surface densely covered by coarse punctations that become less dense posterior to sternal setae II. Third sternal setae on integument between sternal plate and epigynial opening. Metastrrnal setae absent. Epigynial setae on unsclerotized integument be- tween lateral margins of epigynial plate and coxae IV. Sternal and epigynial setae 94 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA subequal in length. Third sternal pores circular, on integument just posterior to sternal setae III, and overlapped by hyaline anterior margin of epigynial plate. A fourth pair on unsclerotized integument just posterior of epigynial setae and three similar pairs on hysterosoma. Epigynial plate narrow, pointed posteriorly, broad and fan-shaped anteriorly, and biconcave laterally in region of coxae IV. Anal plate ovoid, with the usual three setae and posterior denticulate cribrum; adanal setae arising at a level with posterior of anus, subequal in length to postanal seta. Peritreme arising at stig- mata located lateral to and between coxae III and IV, extending anteriorly and be- coming dorsal at termination over mid-region of coxa II ; peritremal plate fusing with endopodal apodeme to nearly encircle coxa IV. Ventral integument with 15 or 16 pairs of non-plate setae; those lateral and posterior longest (about 53 /j.) ; those medial and anterior of anal plate shorter, subequal to sternal and epigynial setae (about 37 fi). All ventral setae terminally branched. A pair of narrow elongate platelets flanking posterior end of epigynial shield. Metapodal platelets irregular crescents, located in lateral post-coxal area. Dorsum. With two sclerotized shields. Propodosomal shield biconvex ; twice longer than wide; with six pairs of setae. Pygidial shield minute, irregular in outline, with- out setae. Dorsal integument with 25 or 26 pairs of non-plate setae, including verticals. All dorsal setae well developed, terminally branched, and subequal (about 50 /j, long). Two pairs of circular pores dorsal on hysterosoma. Legs. I and IV subequal in length, longer than II and III, which are also sub- equal. Each leg with a pretarsus bearing ambulacral claws and membranous caruncles. All segments without obvious spurs or protuberances. Leg setae as in body setae, ter- minally branched; those dorsal somewhat longer and thicker than those ventral, espe- cially on legs I and II. Gnathosoma. Internal hypostomal setae much longer than external and anterior setae and gnathosomal base setae. With eight or nine deutosternal teeth arranged in a single file. Hypostomal processes elongate, ensheathed by lateral folds of tectum. Tectum forming an elongate tube, extending to level with base of palpal tarsi. Chelicerae elongate and whip-like. Basal segment short (21 /j.) ; distal segment sinuous and elongate (363 n). Chelae chelate and edentate, the movable digit somewhat shorter and stouter than the fixed digit; the latter with a slight, recurved tip (fig. 3C). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66609) intranasal in Ameiva bifrontata, a teiid lizard, Nuevo Emperador (Canal Zone), 10 Au- gust 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker and A. Mufioz. Three paratype females bearing the same data as the holotype ; 3 paratype females intranasal in Ameiva sp., K-9 Road (Pacific side of Canal Zone), 18 October 1961, col- lected by C. E. Yunker and A. Mufioz. The holotype and a paratype will be deposited in the United States National Museum ; remaining paratypes will be distributed among the collections of Chicago Natural History Museum ; Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana; Institute of Acarology, Ohio State University, Columbus ; Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence. REMARKS: Variation was seen in the shapes of the dorsal shields and ventral plates, which were often eroded and irregular. The pygidial shield of certain specimens was represented only by a cluster of two or three ir- regular platelets. The epigynial plate varied in outline from an irregular, asymmetrical linguiform one, to one with perfectly parallel sides ending posteriorly in a glans-shaped expansion. The outline of the dorsal shield was occasionally irregular, and in one specimen it included the bases of two lateral setae typically found on the bare integument. The sternal shield was often seen to be eroded on its posterior margin. YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSS.ID MITES 95 Fig. 3. Draconyssus belgicae, new genus, new species, female. A, venter. B, dorsum. C, chelicera. D, sternal plate. 96 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA The species is named for Miss Belgica E. Rodriquez R., Middle America Research Unit, who first recovered specimens from nasal washings. Genus Steatonyssus Kolenati Steatonyssus Kolenati, 1858, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 2:6. Type-species: Dermanyssus murinus Lucas, 1840 ( Dermanyssus periblepharus Kolenati, 1858). Steatonyssus occidentalis (Ewing) Ceratonyssus occidentalis Ewing, 1933, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 82: 10, pi. 3 (fig. 5), pi. 4 (fig. 1). This is the only species of this large, widely distributed genus taken in Panama. It was recovered from an unidentified bat in El Valle (Code), 1 June 1961, collected by W. E. Woodcock. In North America, the usual host is Eptesicus fuscus; the range of this bat includes Panama. Genus Ichoronyssus Kolenati Ichoronyssus Kolenati, 1858, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 2: 5. Type-species: Ichoronyssus scutatus Kolenati, 1858. The interpretation of Ichoronyssus followed in this paper is that of Strandtmann and Wharton (1958). It will be reinterpreted in a revision by the junior author (in manuscript) . The genus (sensu Strandtmann and Wharton) is here divided into three groups of related species. Group I KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES FEMALES 1. Third pair of sternal setae on platelets joined to sternal plate by thread-like connec- tions /. robustipes ( Ewing) At most, slight constrictions between portions bearing sternal setae III and re- mainder of plate 2 2. Sternal plate without constrictions proximal to third pair of setae; anteromedial setae on dorsal shield about 40 fj. or more 7. venezolanus (Vitzthum) Sternal plate with slight constrictions proximal to third pair of setae; antero- medial setae on dorsal shield about 25 ^ or less. . . ./. haematophagus (Fonseca) PROTONYMPHS 1. Coxa I with blunt lateral spur /. venezolanus (Vitzthum) Coxa I without lateral spur 2 2. Unarmed venter with five pairs of setae lateral or anterior to anal plate /. haematophagus (Fonseca) Unarmed venter with seven pairs of setae lateral or anterior to anal plate 7. robustipes ( Ewing) Ichoronyssus robustipes (Ewing) Liponyssus robustipes Ewing, 1925, Ent. News, 36: 20. This species is a common parasite of Tadarida brasiliensis , a bat ranging over much of North and South America and the West Indies. In Panama, /. robustipes was thrice taken from this host in a cave in Cerro Punta YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 97 (Chiriqui), 3 April 1961, by C. E. Yunker. Several mites also were taken from Myotis nigricans roosting in the same cave. Ichoronyssus venezolanus (Vitzthum) Liponyssus venezolanus Vitzthum, 1932, Zeitschr. Parasitenk., 4: 9, figs. 3-13. Previously known from the type collection from Molossus nasutus in Venezuela, protonymphs of I. venezolanus were collected from M. coibensis and "molossid bats" in a church attic in Pacora (Panama), 6 June 1961, by C. M. Keenan and C. E. Yunker. Ichoronyssus haematophagus (Fonseca) Liponyssus haematophagus Fonseca, 1935b, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 10: 43, figs. 1-2. Protonymphs of this species were taken from a molossid bat, probably Molossus coibensis, in a church attic in Pacora (Panama), 6 June 1961, by C. M. Keenan and C. E. Yunker. The type collection is from southern Bra- zil, from Molossus rufus. Group II KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES FEMALES Sternal satae III arising from posterior angles of sternal shield, and shield with slight, neck-like constrictions proximal to these setae; dorsal shield with 26 or 27 pairs of setae /. kochi Fonseca Sternal setae III arising slightly anterior to posterior angles of shield, not set apart by constrictions ; dorsal shield with 24 pairs of setae New species no. 1 Ichoronyssus kochi Fonseca Ichoronyssus kochi Fonseca, 1948, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 118: 278, figs. 17-20. The type host is Artibeus sp. from Brazil, and our records indicate that Artibeus is the usual host genus. In Panama, /. kochi was taken from Artibeus toltecus, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), April 1961, and Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), September 1961 ; from Artibeus jamaicensis, Juan Mina (Canal Zone), June 1961, and Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), September 1961, by C. E Yunker. Ichoronyssus (group II), new species no. 1 This species was found in Panama on Vampyrops vittatus. Collections were made from several bats at Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro) , September 1961, by V. J. Tipton and C. E. Yunker and from a single bat at Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) , February 1960, by V. J. Tipton. Group III KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES FEMALES Peritreme ending over coxa I; dorsal shield with longest anterolateral setae about two or three times as long as shortest anteromedial setae I. crosbyi (Ewing and Stover) Peritreme ending over coxa II ; dorsal shield with longest anterolateral setae about nine or ten times as long as shortest anteromedial setae New species no. 1 98 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Ichoronyssus crosbyi (Ewing and Stover) Liponyssus crosbyi Ewing and Stover, 1915, Ent. News, 26: 112, pi. 4, fig. 3. In Panama, 7. crosbyi was recovered from Myotis chiloensis and from a mixed lot of M. chiloensis and Myotis nigricans roosting in a cave in Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), 5 May 1961, by C. E. Yunker. At least one bat was in- fested with this species and with Ichoronyssus (group III), n. sp. no. 1. The latter parasite was far more numerous at this site. In the United States, 7. crosbyi is known from several other Myotis species. Ichoronyssus (group III), new species no. 1 Large numbers of this species were found on many individual Myotis nigricans in a cave in Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) , 5 May 1961, by C. E. Yunker. In the same cave, it was taken on a few specimens of Myotis chiloensis. A single collection was taken on M. nigricans in Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), in March 1962, by V. J. Tipton. Genus Radfordiella Fonseca Radfordiella Fonseca, 1948, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 118: 270. Type-species: Radfordiella oudemansi Fonseca, 1948. KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES FEMALES 1. Spur on anterior margin of coxa II bifid; sternal shield short (length at mid-line about 25 /t), with strongly arched posterior margin R. oudemansi Fonseca Coxa II with two simple spurs on anterior margin ; sternal shield length at mid-line over 50 /j. 2 2. Dorsal shield length over 410 /u and usually more than 430 p.; sternal shield with moderately arched posterior margin reaching slightly beyond level of tricho- pores of sternal setae III New species no. 1 Dorsal shield length under 410 M; sternal shield with weakly arched posterior margin rarely reaching beyond level of pores of sternal setae III . . New species no. 2 Radfordiella oudemansi Fonseca Radfordiella oudemansi Fonseca, 1948, loc. cit., 118: 274, figs. 45-48. R. oudemansi has not been collected in Panama, but it probably occurs there and hence is included in the key. The type material was taken on Desmodus rotundus in Brazil. Radfordiella, new species no. 1 The common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, appears to be the normal host. Mites were taken in Panama from a number of individuals of D. rotundus at Las Palmitas (Los Santos), January 1962, by C. 0. Handley and F. Greenwell. We have seen material from the same host in Guatemala and Trinidad. Radfordiella, new species no. 2 This species was collected in Panama as follows: from Carollia per- spicillata, Sardanillo, Summit (Canal Zone), 12 August 1961; in a mixed collection of C. perspicillata and Lonchorhina aurita, same locality and date ; YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 99 from C. perspicillata, Juan Mina (Canal Zone) , 30 June 1961 ; from Carollia castanea, Cerro Pirre (Darien), 3 February 1961, by C. E. Yunker. Only the first of these collections contained more than one specimen. New Genus no. 1 Three undescribed species belonging to to this genus were found in Panama. All of these were taken from phyllostomid bats, as follows : n. sp. no. 1 from Glossophaga soricina, Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), 19 Sep- tember 1961, by C. E. Yunker; n. sp. no. 2 from Sturnira ludovici same data; n. sp. no. 3 from Carollia, perspicillata, Juan Mina (Canal Zone), 20 June 1961, by C. E. Yunker. We also have specimens of n. sp. no. 1 from a phyllostomid bat collected in Costa Rica by J. S. White. Species inquirendae Ten collections, consisting solely of protonymphs or males were seen. Due to the existing lack of knowledge concerning immature and male meso- stigmates they are not fully identifiable. Two of these, from rodents, are not referable to any of the species known from Panama. They are : Sub- family Dermanyssinae, 2 protonymphs from Hoplomys gymnurus, Cerro Azul (Panama), 17 March 1961; Subfamily Macronyssinae, 4 protonymphs of Ornithonyssus sp. from Dasypus novemcinctus, near Pedro Miguel River, Paraiso, (Canal Zone) , 27 February 1962. The remaining eight collections, all macronyssines from bats, are refer- able to Radfordiella, Ichoronyssus (group II), new genus no. 1, and an un- known genus. These probably all represent new species, but material is inadequate for treatment. Addenda Since this paper was set in type, Till (1964: 90, 92) has synonymized Pellonyssus passeri Clark and Yunker, the type-species of Pellonyssus Clark and Yunker, under Steatonyssus reedi Zumpt and Patterson (1952: 163, fig. 3). A summary reclassification (Radovsky, 1966a), including the bat-parasitizing Der- manyssidae referred to here, has been in press at the same time as the present paper. The subfamily Macronyssinae is treated as a separate family, Macronyssidae, which would include nearly all of the Panamanian Dermanyssidae given in this paper (excep- tion: Dermanyssinae incertae sedis off Hoplomys gymnurus). Ichoronyssus (group I) is interpreted as Chiroptonyssus Augustson. Ichoronyssus (group II) is placed in a new genus. Ichoronyssus (group III) is included in Macronyssus Kolenati. New genus No. 1 is described, with its new species No. 1 described and designated as type-species of the genus. Descriptions of the six other new species off bats, referred to here by code numbers, are included in a fuller revisionary work (Radovsky, 1966b) to be pub- lished soon. Abstract Forty-one species of Dermanyssidae were collected from Panamanian vertebrates, mostly mammals. Of these, at least 11 are new species; the remainder are new records for Panama. Described here are: Ornithonyssus coendou n. sp. from Coendou roths- childi; Draconyssus belgicae n. gen., n. sp. from Ameiva bifrontata; Pellonyssus marui n. sp. from Cassidix mexicanus; Pellonyssus gorgasi n. sp. from Phaethornis guy. The remaining seven new species, from bats, are not described here. Acanthonyssus n. gen. is erected for Neoichoronyssus dentipes Strandtmann and Eads. Keys to the genera and species and a host list are provided. 100 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA HOST-PARASITE LIST Class REPTILIA Order SQUAMATA Family Teiidae Ameiva bifrontata Draconyssus belgicae n. sp. Ameiva sp. Draconyssus belgicae n. sp. Class AVES Order GALLIFORMES Family Phasianidae "common hen" Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) Order COLUMBIFORMES Family Columbidae Columbigallina talpacoti Pellonyssus marui n. sp. Order APODIFORMES Family Trochilidae Phaethornis guy Pellonyssus gorgasi n. sp. Order PICIFORMES Family Ramphastidae Aulacorhynchus prasinus Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) Order PASSERIFORMES Family Hirundinidae Progne chalybea Pellonyssus marui n. sp. Family Turdidae Turdus grayi Pellonyssus marui n. sp. Family Vireonidae Vireo flavoviridis Pellonyssus marui n. sp. Family Icteridae Cassidix mexicanus Pellonyssus marui n. sp. Class MAMMALIA Order MARSUPIALIA Family Didelphidae Marmosa robinsoni Ornithonyssus wernecki (Fonseca) Philander opossum Ornithonyssus wernecki (Fonseca) Metachirus nudicaudatus Ornithonyssus wernecki (Fonseca) Didelphis marsupialis Ornithonyssus wernecki (Fonseca) Order CHIROPTERA Family Phyllostomidae Glossophaga soricina New genus n. sp. no. 1 Carollia castanea Radfordiella n. sp. no. 2 Carollia perspicillata Radfordiella n. sp. no. 2 New genus n. sp. no. 3 Sturnira ludovici New genus n. sp. no. 2 Vampyrops vittatus Ichoronyssus (group II) n. sp. Artibeus jamaicensis Ichoronyssus kochi Fonseca Artibeus toltecus Ichoronyssus kochi Fonseca mixed collection of Carollia perspicillata and Lonchorhina aurita Radfordiella n. sp. no. 2 phyllostomid bat New genus n. sp. no. 1 YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 101 Family Desmodidae Desmodus rotundus Radfordiella n. sp. no. 1 Family Vespertilionidae Myotis chiloensis Ichoronyssus crosbyi (Ewing and Stover) (group III) n. sp. no. 1 Myotis nigricans Ichoronyssus robustipes (Ewing) (group III) n. sp. no. 1 Mixed lots of Myotis nigricans and Myotis chiloensis Ichoronyssus crosbyi (Ewing and Stover) Family Molossidae Tadarida brasiliensis Ichoronyssus robustipes (Ewing) Molossus coibensis Ichoronyssus venezolanus (Vitzthum) molossid bat Ichoronyssus haematophagus (Fonseca) Family unknown bat Steatonyssus occidentalis (Ewing) Ichoronyssus venezolanus (Vitzthum) Order RODENTIA Family Sciuridae Sciurus granatensis Hirstionyssus keenani n. sp. Sciurus variegatoides Hirstionyssus keenani n. sp. Family Heteromyidae Liomys adspersus Hirstionyssus microchelae n. sp. Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst) Heteromys desmarestianus Hirstionyssus heteromydis n. sp. panamensis n. sp. minutus n. sp. microchelae n. sp. lunatus n. sp. Family Cricetidae Peromyscus nudipes Hirstionyssus galindoi n. sp. Zygodontomys microtinus Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst) Scotinomys xerampelinus Hirstionyssus galindoi n. sp. Sigmodon hispidus Acanthonyssus dentipes ( Strandtmann and Eads) Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst) Family Muridae Rattus rattus Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst) Family Erethizontidae Coendou rothschildi Ornithonyssus coendou n. sp. Family Echimyidae Proechimys semispinosus Acanthonyssus dentipes (Strandtmann and Eads) Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst) Hoplomys gymnurus Ornithonyssus sp. References BERLESE, A. 1888. Acari austro-americani collegit Alloysius Balzan et illustravit Antonio Berlese. Boll. Soc. Ent. Italiana, 20: 171-222, 13 pis. CANESTRINI, G., AND FANZAGO, F. 1878. Intorno agli Acari Italiani. Atti R. Istit. Veneto Sci. Lett, ed Arti, (5), 4: 69-208. CLARK, G. M., AND YUNKER, C. E. 1956. A new genus and species of Dermanyssidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) from the English Sparrow, with observations on its life cycle. Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash., 23: (2), pp. 93-101, 3 pis. EWING, H. E. 1922. The dermanyssid mites of North America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 62: 1-26, pis. 1, 2. 1925. New mites of the family Dermanyssidae. Ent. News, 36: 18-22. 1933. New genera and species of parasitic mites of the superfamily Parasitoidea. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82; art. 30, pp. 1-14, 4 pis. EWING, H. E. AND STOVER, A. J. 1915. New parasitic mites (Acarina). Ent. News, 26: 109-114, 1 pi., 1 text fig. FONSECA, F. DA 1935a. Notas de Acareologia. XIII. Novas especies sul-americanas de parasites de genera Liponyssus Kolenati, 1858 (Acarina: Liponissidae). Mem. Inst. Butantan, 9: 69-98, 17 text figs. (English Translation, pp. 99-114). 1935b. Notas de Acareologia. XXII. Liponyssus haematophagus, sp. n. (Acari: Liponissidae). Ibidem, 10: 43-46, 2 text figs. 1948. A monograph of the genera and species of Macronyssidae Oudemans, 1936 (synom. : Liponissidae Vitzthum, 1931) (Acari). Proc. Roy. Zool. Soc. London, 118:249-334, 52 text figs. FURMAN, D. P., and RADOVSKY, F. J. 1963. A new species of Ornithonyssus from the white-tailed antelope squirrel, with a rediagnosis of the genus Ornithonyssus (Acarina: Dermanyssidae). Pan- Pacific Ent. 39: 89-98, 7 text figs. HIRST, S. 1913. On three new species of gamasid mites found on rats. Bull. Ent. Res., 4: 119-124, 4 text figs. KOCH, C. L. 1839. Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Archniden. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Fauna. Part 24. 102 YUNKER AND RADOVSKY : DERMANYSSID MITES 103 KOLENATI, F. 1858. Synopsis prodroma der auf Chiroptern als Epizoen vorkommenden Lausmil- ben, Carida Kolenati. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 2: 47. LUCAS, P. H. 1840. Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides, et des Myriapodes. Pt. 1. 600 pp., 46 pis. RADOVSKY, F. J. 1966a. Revision of the macronyssid and laelapid mites of bats: Outline of classifica- tion with descriptions of new genera and new type species. Jour. Med. Ent., 3, (1) . [In press]. 1966b. The Macronyssidae and Laelapidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) parasitic on bats. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. [In press]. SAMBON, W. L. 1928. The parasitic Acarians of animals and the part they play in the causation of the Eruptive Fevers and other diseases of man. Preliminary considerations based upon an ecological study of Typhus Fever. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 22: 67-132, 19 text figs. STRANDTMANN, R. W., AND EADS, R. B. 1947. A new species of mite, Ichoronyssus dentipes (Acarina: Liponyssinae), from the cotton rat. Jour. Parasit., 33: 51-56, figs. 1-3. STRANDTMANN, R. W., AND WHARTON, G. W. 1958. A manual of mesostigmatid mites parasitic on vertebrates. Contr. No. 4, Institute of Acarology, Univ. Md., College Park, xi + 330 pp., 96 figs, on 69 pp. STRANDTMANN, R. W., AND YUNKER, C. E. 1964. The genus Hirstionyssus (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) in Panama. [This volume, pp. 105-124]. TILL, W. M. 1964. A revision of the genus Pellonyssus Clark and Yunker (Acari: Mesostig- mata). Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 45, (304), pp. 85-102. 39 text figs. VITZTHUM, H. G. 1931. Neue parasitische Fledermausmilben aus Venezuela. Zeitschr. Parasitenk., 4, (1), pp. 1-47, 28 text figs. YUNKER, C. E. 1961. A sampling technique for intranasal chiggers. (Trombiculidae) . Jour. Parasit. 47:720. ZUMPT, F., AND PATTERSON, P. M. 1952. Three new species of parasitic mites from the Ethiopian Region. Jour. Ent. Soc. S. Africa, 15, (2), pp. 159-164, figs. 1-3. The Genus Hirstionyssus Fonseca in Panama (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) RUSSELL W. STRANDTMANN 1 AND CONRAD E. YuNKER 2 Seventeen species of the relatively large genus Hirstionyssus are known from the New World. With the exception of H. butantanensis (Fonseca, 1932) from Brazil, all of these records are North American. A recent col- lection from Panamanian rodents contained seven new species, described below. Six (H. heteromydis, panamensis, minutus, galindoi, lunatus, and microchelae) are from heteromyid and cricetid rodents, and one (H. keenani) is from squirrels. Three (H. heteromydis, panamensis, and mi- nutus) form a closely related group. A key to the females of Hirstionyssus of Panama is included. The authors are grateful to Lieutenant Colonel Vernon J. Tipton, Medi- cal Service Corps, United States Army, formerly Chief, Environmental Health Branch, United States Army Caribbean, and Dr. Nathan B. Gale, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Panama Canal Company, for aid in collect- ing the hosts, and to Dr. Charles 0. Handley, Division of Mammals, United States National Museum, for identifying them. Genus Hirstionyssus Fonseca Hirstionyssus Fonseca, 1948, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 118: 226. Type-species: Dermanyssus arcuatus C. L. Koch, 1839. Hirstionyssus heteromydis, new species. Figures 4, 5. DIAGNOSIS: The female is 700 ^ long and one-half as wide. Its sternal plate is rectangular and not quite twice as wide as long ; its epigynial plate narrowly linguiform, and its anal plate elliptical. The movable chela is about 1 Department of Biology, Texas Technological College, Lubbock. 2 U.S. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Middle America Research Unit, Balboa Heights, Canal Zone, and Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. 105 106 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA one-half the length of the second cheliceral segment. The coxal spur formula is 0-2-2-0. Tarsus II is without apical claw-like spurs. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE : Idiosoma. 767 fi long by 378 /* wide. Venter (fig. 4D). With 20-25 pairs of subequal and rather delicate opisthosomal setae. Sternal plate (fig. 4F) rectangular, sides slightly concave, posterior margin straight, anterior angles projected between coxae I and II, posterior angles broadly truncate; with three pairs of setae and two pairs of circular pores; first sternal setae just off the plate; entire plate lightly stippled, with very faint reticulations. Presternal area sclerotized and reticulated. Tritosternum (fig. 4F) without hyaline margins; basal portion lightly wrinkled ; with two laciniae, weakly plumose at tips. Metasternal seta and pore present but metasternal plate absent. A narrow endopodal apodeme present be- tween coxae III and IV. Epigynial plate slender, linguiform, obtusely pointed posteriorly, surface punctate with two median, longitudinal, slightly divergent lines; with a single pair of setae; membranous anterior portion partly overlapping sternal plate. A pore each side on soft integument near genital setae. Anal plate about twice as long as wide, elliptical; with a pair of small, circular marginal pores (generally more marginal than shown) ; paired adanal setae at the anterior margin of the anus; anal setae slightly smaller than the ventral setae. All coxae with pilif orm setae ; small fimbria present on anterior peripheral margins of coxae. Coxa I with two setae. (Both coxae I of the holotype have a noticeable longitudinal furrow adjacent to the proximal seta as in fig. 4D. This is seen as a shallow depression in some paratypes and is not evident at all in others.) Coxa II with two setae; anterior marginal spur prominent; posterior margin sharply angulate; the single ventral spur low, broad and dolabrate. Coxa III with two setae, a blunt ventral spur and a slender, sharp, posterior marginal spur. Coxa IV with a single seta; without spur. Stigma ventral, appearing between femora III and IV; peritremalia narrow and curving posterior to coxa IV : Peritreme bending dorsally before coxa II and terminating at a point level with middle of coxa I ; peritremal plate narrow, widening at level of seta L2, continuing forward to anterior margin of coxa I. Dorsum (fig. 4E). Dorsal plate with straight or slightly convex sides, tapering posteriorly to a point; with a pair of slit-like pores at anterior margin and at least eight pairs of small circular pores scattered over remainder of plate; with about 25 pairs of small, widely separated setae, those anterior about twice the size of the others. Some 27 pairs of small setae on unarmored dorsum. (Under oil-immersion magnification the posterior setae may be seen to have one or two small barbs.) Gnathosoma (figs. 4A-C). With 16-18 rows of one or two deutosternal teeth per row; hypostomal processes drawn out into two, long indistinct lacinae; corniculi lacking or not visibly defined (as is true of all Dermanyssidae), tectum a transparent, flaccid membrane with a transverse, blunt, denticulate anterior margin; chela slender, edentate and very long, making up almost one-half of the length of the second cheliceral segment ; setae of gnathosoma slender; of the two apical setae on dorsal side of pedipalp, the inner is blunt and a bit heavier than the outer. Legs. Setation as shown ; without unusual modifications ; femora I and II each with three setae more robust than others ; all ventral setae longer than dorsal setae and espe- cially long on tarsus where there are two ventral whip-like setae as long as the segment ; without clawlike setae or spurs at apex of tarsus II. Measurements of sample. Ten female specimens were measured. The numbers are averages. Idiosoma, length (exclusive of gnathosoma) 700 n; width 355 /*. Dorsal shield, length 600 /*; width 300 /*. Sternal plate, length (at midline) 70 n; width (at bases of second sternal setae) 127 p. Epigynial plate, length 240 /*; width (just posterior to genital setae) 75 M. Anal plate, length (anterior border to base of postanal seta) 85 n; width 60 /*. Legs (including coxa but excluding pretarsus) : I, 410 /JL; II, 335 /*; III, 320 /i; IV, 390 M . ALLOTYPE MALE (figs. 5B-D) : Length 460 ft,; width 270 /n. Legs: I, 330 n; II, 260 M; III, 260 n; IV, 330 /*. Coxae I-III are as in female; coxa IV has a sharply pointed posterior marginal spur, and tarsus II has two apical claw-like setae ventrally. The holoventral plate is slightly more heavily sclerotized in the region of the genital pore STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HirstionyssUS 107 FIG. 4. Hirstionyssus heteromydis, new species, female. A, palp. B, chelicera. C, gnathosoma, ventral view. D, venter. E, dorsum. F, sternal plate and tritosternum. 108 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA than elsewhere. The sternal pores are circular, as in the female. The dorsal plate tapers less than in the female and covers almost all of the dorsum. DEUTONYMPH (figs. 5E-H) : Length 490 M (480-550). Legs: I, 330 /*; II, 280 M; HI, 270 ft; IV, 310 /*. The three pairs of terminal setae on the dorsal plate are progressively larger toward the end, and are faintly serrate (the terminal pair, which is twice as long as the subterminal pair, is shown greatly enlarged in fig. 5F). TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 2817) and 10 paratype females from Heteromys desmarestianus , Pifia (Canal Zone), 20 December 1960, collected by C. E. Yunker, in the United States National Museum. Allotype male, same data but 13 December 1960, in the United States Na- tional Museum. Remainder of material, including 26 paratype females, 3 paratype males and 5 paratype nymphs, same data but 13-20 December 1960, distributed among the collections of Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana; Texas Technological College, Lubbock; Institute of Acarology, Agriculture Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio ; Snow Entomological Mu- seum, University of Kansas, Lawrence; British Museum (Natural His- tory), London; Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa; Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences U.S.S.R., Leningrad; Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg ; Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris ; Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelle de Belgique, Brus- sels ; and Institute Butantan, Sao Paulo. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: 19 females of H. heteromydis from Heteromys desmarestianus, from Pifia (Canal Zone), 6-21 December 1960; 10 females from same host, from Fort Gulick (Canal Zone), 1 February 1961; a single female from same host, Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), at lower camp, approx. 22 miles WSW of Almirante, 9 September 1961; all collected by C. E. Yunker. REMARKS : Very little variation was seen in the sample. The denticulation on the distal margin of the coxae, however, was quite variable, and in addi- tion, it could not always be established clearly that coxa III had two spurs. The first sternal setae do not always appear to be off the plate, but are some- times seen to be connected to the plate by indistinct sclerotized bridges. Hirstionyssus panamensis, new species. Figure 6. DIAGNOSIS: The female is slightly less than 600 //, long and is one-half as wide. Its sternal plate is rectangular, three times wider than long, its genitoventral plate linguiform, and its anal plate oval. The movable chela is one-third the length of second cheliceral segment. The coxal spur formula is 0-2-2-1. Tarsus II is without apical claw-like spurs. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Idiosoma. 537 fi long by 310 . wide. Venter (fig. 6A). With 18-21 pairs of short, piliform opisthosomal setae. Sternal plate rectangular, anterior margin and sides nearly straight, posterior margin concave, anterior angles acute, posterior angles rounded; nearly three times wider than long; with three pairs of setae, first pair on anterior margin of plate; with two pairs of slit- like sternal pores; anterolaterally with reticulations. Presternal area sclerotized and reticulated. Tritosternum similar to that of H. heteromydis. A. pair of metasternal setae and a circular pore present on soft integument adjacent to coxa III. Epigynial plate linguiform, not greatly constricted in middle; rounded posteriorly; surface punc- STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER I Hirstionyssus 109 A FIG. 5. Hirstionyssus heteromydis, new species, female (A), male (B-D), deutonymph (E-H). A, coxae I and II. B, venter. C, chelicera. D, tarsus II, ventral view. E, dorsum. F, terminal seta of dorsal shield. G, venter. H, chelicera. 110 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA tate ; membranous anterior portion slightly overlapping sternal plate. A circular pore on soft integument either side of plate. Anal plate broadly oval, about three-fourths as wide as long; paired marginal pores appearing as minute punctations; anus in anterior of plate; adanal setae arising at a level with middle of anus. Coxa I with two piliform setae; coxa II with two piliform setae, a sharp anterior marginal spur, a broad dolabrate ventral spur and a sharply angulate posterior margin; coxae III with two piliform setae, a broad sharp ventral spur, and a slender, sharp, posterior marginal spur; coxa IV with a single piliform seta and a small, ventral, posterior marginal spur. Stigma ventral, appearing between femora III and IV; peritremalia narrow and curving posterior to coxa IV. Peritreme bending dorsally in area of coxa II and terminating at a point level with middle of coxa I. Peritremal plate narrow, widening at level of seta L2, continuing forward to anterior margin of coxa I. Dorsum (fig. 6B). Dorsal plate with straight sides, tapering posteriorly to a point, with at least 25 pairs of piliform setae, those anterior longest, those posterior slightly shorter than the 16-20 pairs of setae on adjacent soft integument. Gnathosoma (fig. 6C E). Similar to that of H, heteromydis except that the movable chela forms no more than one-third of the total length of the chelicera. Deutosternal teeth not seen. Legs. Not significantly different from those of H. heteromydis except femora I and II without robust setae and tarsus II without whiplike setae (fig. 6F). Measurements of sample. Four females were measured. The numbers are averages. Idiosoma, length (exclusive of gnathosoma) 590 /j,; width 300 /*. Dorsal shield, length 540 n; width 260 /i. Sternal plate, length (at midline) 40 /*; width (at bases of second sternal setae) 115 /*. Epigynial plate, length 200 /u; width 80 /JL. Anal plate, length (anterior border to base of postanal seta) 65 /j.; width 50 /*. Legs: I, 310 /j.; II, 240 /*; III, 225 p; IV, 290 p. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 2818) from Heteromys desmarestianus, Pina (Canal Zone), 20 December 1960, collected by C. E. Yunker, in the United States National Museum. Three paratype females, same data but 13 December 1960, distributed among the collections of United States National Museum ; Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana ; and Texas Technological College, Lubbock. REMARKS: H. panamensis is similar to H. heteromydis in the tectum, tritosternum, hypostomal processes, and ventral spur on coxa II. It differs in many ways from the latter. In panamensis the sternal plate is much wider and shorter, has rounded posterolateral angles, and possesses slit-like pores. In addition, its epigynial plate is broad in relation to length, and is rounded posteriorly. Its adanal setae originate at a point level with the middle of the anus. The movable chela forms less than one-third the length of the second cheliceral segment. The peritremalia is relatively wide posterior to the stigma. Tarsus II has only short setae. None of the material before us offered a distinct view of the complete peritremalia, the deutosternum or the dorsal plate. It is probable that a pair of anterior pores are present on the dorsal plate, as well as more small pores and setae than we show. Some paratypes showed small barbs on the pos- terior dorsal setae. Hirstionyssus minutus, new species. Figure 7. DIAGNOSIS: This is a small species. The female is 400 ^ long and the male 280 ^. The female sternal plate is rectangular, about twice wider than long. Its epigynial plate is linguiform and perceptibly broader in the post- STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HirstiomjSSUS 111 FIG. 6. Hirstionyssus panamensis, new species, female. A, venter. B, dorsum. C, gnathosoma, dorsal view. D, chelicera. E, gnathosoma, ventral view, and tritosternum. F, tarsus II, ventral view. 112 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA coxal area than in the intercoxal area. The movable chela is more than one- half the length of the second cheliceral segment. The coxal spur formula is 0-2-1-1. Tarsus II is without apical claw-like setae. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE : Idiosoma. 425 n long by 242 ft. wide. Venter (fig. 7A). With 12-17 pairs of short, piliform opisthosomal setae, that be- come progressively shorter posteriorly. Sternal shield rectangular, anterior margin straight, lateral and posterior margins concave; with three pairs of setae and two pairs of pores; first sternal setae on anterior margin of plate; surface of plate with indistinct longitudinal wrinkles, anterolateral corners and presternal area reticulate. Tritosternum as in H. heteromydis. Metasternal seta and pore present but metasternal plate absent. A narrow endopodal apodeme between coxae III and IV. Epigynial plate linguiform, relatively broad in postcoxal area; bluntly rounded caudally; anteriorly overlapping part of sternal plate; with a pair of setae; surface densely covered with minute puncta- tions. Anal plate a rounded oval, nearly as wide as long; with a pair of minute marginal pores ; paired adanal setae at anterior margin of anus. Coxa I with two piliform setae ; coxa II with two piliform setae, a sharp anterior marginal spur, a broad, dolabrate, ven- tral spur and a sharply angulate posterior margin; coxa III with two robust setae and a sharp ventral spur, coxa IV with a single piliform seta and a small, sharp posterior marginal spur. Stigma ventral, appearing between femora III and IV; peritremalia narrow and curving posterior to coxa IV; peritreme bending dorsally in region of coxa II, terminating at a point level with middle of coxa I; peritremal plate narrow. Dorsum (fig. 7B). Dorsal plate oval, broadly rounded caudally, covering most of dorsum; with 27-30 pairs of small setae and many small circular pores; anteriormost pair and posteriormost pair of setae 6 or 7 /j. long, remainder extremely minute (less than 3 M). About eight pairs of minute setae on unsclerotized dorsum. Gnathosoma (figs. 7C-F). Similar to that of H. heteromydis but movable chela slightly more than one-half length of second cheliceral segment, and a mediodorsal, apical, tarsal seta is markedly thick and blunt. Legs. Similar to those of H. heteromydis: ventral setae generally longer and more robust than dorsal setae, except on femora I and II where reverse is true; tarsus II with some moderately long ventral setae. Measurements of sample. Four females were measured. The numbers are averages. Length (exclusive of gnathosoma) 400 /*; width 230 /j.. Dorsal shield, length, 382 /*; width 205 p. Sternal plats, length (at mid-line) 45 /*.; width (at basees of second sternal setae) 95 /*. Epigynial plate, length 177 M; width (at widest point) 75 /*. Anal plate, length (to base of postanal seta) 39 M; width 46 /j.. Legs: I, 260 /*; II, 195 /*; III, 170 M; IV, 225 ^ ALLOTYPE MALE (figs. 7G-J) : Length, 296 /*; width, 180 /j.. Legs: I, 236 ,u; II, 180 /u; III, 130 /a; IV, 210 fj.; coxae as in female; tarsus II with two blunt claw-like setae ventrally. Holoventral plate expanded posterior to coxae; fused with anal plate; with nine pairs of setae plus the single postanal seta; with five pairs of pores; the first sternal pores slit- like, the rest circular. Dorsal plate similar to that of female. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 2819), paratype female and allotype male from Heteromys desmarestianus, Pifia (Canal Zone), 20 December 1960, collected by C. E. Yunker, in the United States National Museum. A paratype female, same data, in collection of Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and another, same data, in collection of Institute of Acarology, Agriculture Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. A paratype male and female, same data, but 7 December 1960, in collection of Texas Technological College, Lubbock. REMARKS: H. minutus resembles H. heteromydis in the tectum, trito- sternum, hypostomal processes, chelicerae and leg setation. It differs from the latter in size, by having only one spur on coxa III, by having less than STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HlTStlOnySSUS 113 FIG. 7. Hirstionyssus minutus, new species, female (A-F), male (G-J). A, venter. B, dorsum. C, palpal tarsus, dorsal view. D, gnathosoma, ventral view, and tritosternum. E, tectum and palp, dorsal view. F, chelicera. G, venter (one adanal seta omitted). H, gnathosoma, ventral view. I, tectum and palp, dorsal view. J, chelicera. 114 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA 17 pairs of opisthosomal setae, and by having many minute dorsal shield setae. In addition, shapes of the body plates are typical. The dorsal shield, epigynial plate and posterolateral angles of H. minutus are broadly rounded posteriorly ; the epigynial plate is relatively expanded posterior to coxae IV and the anal plate is almost circular. It differs from H. panamensis in chela/chelicera length-ratio, by adanal setae that arise at the anterior margin of the anus ; by a longer sternal plate, by having only one spur on coxa III, by the minute dorsal setae, and by the robust, blunt mediodorsal seta of the palpal tarsus. The dorsal setae are so small that it is difficult to distinguish between a setal base and a pore. Hirstionyssus microchelae, new species. Figure 8A-D. DIAGNOSIS : The female is 620 //, long and 440 ^ wide at its greatest width. Its sternal plate is rectangular and three times wider than long. Its epigynial plate is linguiform and truncate, and its anal plate circular. Its chelicerae are slender and the movable chelae are small, each less than one-seventh the length of the second cheliceral segment. The coxal spur formula is 0-2 (3?) -2-1. Tarsus II is without apical claw-like setae. The posterior dorsal setae are serrate. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE: Idiosoma. 590 n long by 384 fj. wide. Venter (fig. 8A) With about 22-25 pairs of opisthosomal setae. Sternal plate rectangular, with straight anterior and lateral margins and a slightly convex posterior margin; nearly three times wider than long; with three pairs of setae and two pairs of slit-like pores ; first sternal setae on anterior margin of plate ; anterolateral corners and presternal area reticulate. Tritosternum as in H. heteromydis. Metasternal seta and pore present, but metasternal plate absent. A narrow endopodal apodeme between coxae III and IV. Epigynial plate linguiform, not greatly widened in postcoxal area; bluntly rounded caudally; anteriorly overlapping part of sternal plate; with a pair of setae; surface densely punctate. Anal plate circular; with a pair of minute marginal pores; paired adanal setae at a level with posterior of anus. Coxa I with two piliform setae, its peripheral margins fimbriate; coxa II with two piliform setae, a large, sharp anterior marginal spur, a small blunt ventral spur, and a sharp, angulate posterior dorsal margin that may be spur-like; coxa III with two piliform setae, a blunt ventral spur, and a sharp posterior dorsal spur; coxa IV with one piliform seta and a small, sharp posterior marginal spur. Stigma ventral, appearing between femora III and IV; peritremalia narrow and curving posterior to coxa IV; peritreme bending dorsally in region of coxa II, terminating at a point level with middle of coxa I; peritremal plate visible on either side of peritreme, widening abruptly in anterior third, terminating adjacent to paired, slit-like, dorsal shield pores. Dorsum (fig. 8B). Dorsal shield elliptical, sides slightly convex, tapering caudally to a blunt point; with 26 pairs of short setae, those posterior serrate; with 19 or 20 pairs of small circular pores and a pair of large, slit-like, anterior pores. With 40-50 pairs of setae on adjacent soft integument. Gnathosoma (fig. 8C). Similar to that of H. panamensis, except that the chelicerae are relatively narrow and elongate. The movable chela is less than one-sixth the length of the second cheliceral segment (fig. 8D). Legs. Not significantly different from those of H. panamensis. Measurements of sample. Three females were measured. The numbers are averages. Idiosoma, length 572 n; width 378 p.. Dorsal shield, length 500 /JL; width 290 M- Sternal plate, length (at mid-line) 41 ft; width (at bases of second sternal setae) 122 p. Epigynial STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : Hirstionyssus 115 FIG. 8. Hirstionyssus microchelae, new species, female. A, venter. B, dorsum and peritremalia. C, gnathosoma and tritosternum, oblique view. D, chelicerae. Hirs- tionyssus keenani, new species, female. E, chelae. F, tarsus II, ventral view. 116 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA plate, length 220 n; width 100 /u. Anal plate, length (to base of postanal seta) 70 /*; width 80 fj.. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 2820) and 4 paratype females from Heteromys desmarestianics, Pina (Canal Zone), 13 December 1960, collected by C. E. Yunker, in the United States National Museum. Six paratype females, same data, distributed among the collections of Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana; Texas Technological College, Lubbock ; Institute of Acarology, Agriculture Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio ; and British Museum (Natural History) , London. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: Two females from type host and lo- cality, but 29 December 1961 ; 1 female from Liomys adspersus, Guanico, Las Palmitas (Los Santos), 10 February 1962, collected by C. 0. Handley and F. Green well; 2 females from type host, Almirante (Bocas del Toro), 7 September 1960, collected by P. Galindo; 7 females from type host, Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), at lower camp, 22 miles WSW of Almirante, elevation about 2800 feet, 17 September 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker. REMARKS : H. microchelae is easily distinguished from other Panamanian species by the chela/chelicera length-ratio and the circular anal plate. In addition, crushed specimens reveal a pair of circular pores on the medial aspect of the peritremal plate anterior to the stigma. These are closely as- sociated with a pair of square, cell-like depressions or muscle-scars (fig. 8B). Variation was apparent in the shape of the posterior margin of coxa II. In some specimens this margin was angulate and distinctly spur-like ; in others, including the holotype, no such modification could be seen. It is pos- sible that this difference is an artifact of mounting. The type specimens were taken from a host that was simultaneously in- fested with heteromydis, panamensis and minutus. All females of micro- chelae appeared to be engorged on blood, whereas none of the other species did. Hirstionyssus keenani, new species. Figures 8E-F, 9. DIAGNOSIS: This is a typical Hirstionyssus species, characterized by a female sternal plate that is deeply concave at its posterior margin and acute, elongate coxal spurs. The female is SOOju long 30 ^, and approximately one- half as wide. The coxal spur formula is 0-2-2-1, tarsus II lacks claw-like setae, and the dorsal shield setae are noticeably shorter than the ventral setae. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE : Idiosoma. 513 fj. long by 325 IJL wide. Venter (fig. 9A). With 20-24 pairs of setae. Sternal plate deeply emarginate posteriorly, seven times wider than long; with three pairs of approximately equal setae, and two pairs of circular pores; first sternal setae on anterior margin of plate; an- terolateral corners and presternal areas reticulate. Tritosternal base punctate; laciniae weakly ciliate. Metasternal setae and pore present, but metasternal plate absent. A narrow endopodal apodeme present between coxae III and IV. Epigynial plate lingui- form, not greatly widened posterior to coxae, rounded caudally; surface densely covered with minute punctae; with a single pair of setae. A circular pore on each side near genital setae. Anal plate oval; surface punctate; anus in anterior third of plate; paired adanal setae arising at a level with middle of anus. Coxa I with two piliform setae, the distal one longer and heavier than the proximal one; coxa II with two piliform setae, a sharp anterior marginal spur and an acute, elongate ventral spur; coxa III with two pili- STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : Hirstionyssus 117 FIG. 9. Hirstionyssus keenani, new species, female (A-E), deutonymph (?) (F, G). A, venter. B, coxa IV. C, tritosternum. D, dorsum. E, coxae II and III. F, coxae and holoventral plate. G, dorsal shield and peritremalia. 118 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA form setae and two acute, elongate spurs ; coxa IV with a single pilif orm seta and a small, sharp marginal spur. Stigma ventral almost marginal, appearing between femora III and IV; peritreme bending dorsally in region of coxa II, continuing anteriorly as far as anterior margin of coxa I; peritremal plate narrow. Dorsum (fig. 9D). Dorsal shield elliptical with straight, parallel sides; tapering caudally in a blunt point; with 26 pairs of pilif orm setae shorter than those on adjacent soft integument; with 17 pairs of pores, the anteriormost pair slit-like, the remainder circular. With 20-22 pairs of setae on adjacent soft integument, slightly shorter than ventral setae. Gnathosoma. With 12-14 deutosternal teeth arranged in an irregular file. Hy- postomal processes drawn out into two long lacinae. Tectum a transparent, long mem- brane with a truncate, fimbriate anterior margin. Movable chela elongate, about one- third the length of the second cheliceral segment; with a transparent, triangular medial tooth, and a ciliated basal lobe. Fixed chela with a hyaline, stellate, seta-like structure arising opposite base of movable chela, adjacent to a small circular pore (fig. 8E). Legs. Setation typical of Hirstionyssus spp. Femur I with two and femur II with one robust dorsal setae. Tarsus II with some long, whip-like ventral setae (fig. 8F). Tarsus IV with a terminal spur-like seta. Measurements of sample. Five females were measured. The numbers are averages. Idiosoma, length (exclusive of gnathosoma) 500 /*; greatest width 320 /JL. Dorsal shield, length 450 n; greatest width 252 fj.. Sternal plate, length (at mid-line) 15 ^5 width (at bases of second sternal setae) 126 /*. Epigynial plate, length 257 /*; width (just posterior to genital setae) 93 /JL. Anal plate, length (anterior border to base of postanal setae) 63 /*; width 63 M. Legs: I, 333 M ; II, 260 p; III, 245 p\ IV, 315 M- TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 2821) and two paratype females from Sciurus variegatoides, Gamboa (Canal Zone), 4 December 1960, collected by C. E. Yunker, in the United States National Museum. Three paratype females, same data, distributed among the collections of Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and Texas Technological College, Lubbock. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED : Two females and one deutonymph from Sciurus granatensis chiriquensis, Martinz's dairy, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), elevation about 6800 feet, 2 May 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker. One female, same type host and locality, but 12 March 1962, and one deutonymph, data same as holotype (figs. 9F, G). Coxae III and IV of the nymph lack the marginal spur seen in the female. The dorsal plate setae are similar to those of the female, except that the terminal pair is long (a characteristic of im- mature specimens of Hirstionyssus). REMARKS : The combination of arcuate sternal plate, coxal spur formula 0-2-2-1, and lack of claw-like setae at the ventral apex of tarsus II is shared by only one other species, H. neotomae Eads and Hightower, 1951. The latter, however, has a sternal plate less deeply concave (length-width ratio is 1 :4.3, as compared with 1 :7.4 for H. keenani) ; its coxal spurs are much smaller, and the anterior dorsal setae are longer. In H. neotomae, the first three rows of dorsal plate setae overlap, whereas in H. keenani none of the setae on the dorsal plate are long enough to reach the bases of those in the succeeding row. H. keenani also resembles H. isabellinus (Oudemans, 1913) , but in this latter species the sternal plate is even less arcuate than in H. neotomae and coxa IV lacks a spur. H. keenani is named for Charles M. Keenan, Chief, Vector Control Sec- STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HlTStionySSUS 119 tion, Environmental Health Branch, United States Army Caribbean, and Canal Zone naturalist. Hirstionyssus galindoi, new species. Figure 10. DIAGNOSIS : The female sternal plate is about four times wider than long. The chelae are one-half the length of the second cheliceral segment. The FIG. 10. Hirstionyssus galindoi, new species, female. A, venter. B, dorsum. C, chelicera. coxal spur formula is 0-1-2-1 or 0-2-2-1, coxa II sometimes having a small, rounded ventral knob that might be taken for a spur. Tarsus II is without claw-like setae. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE : Idiosoma. 462 fj. long by 326 n wide. Venter (fig. 10A). Sternal plate short, about four times wider than long, deeply and broadly concave posteriorly, anterior margin nearly straight; lightly reticulated at sides; the three pairs of subequal sternal setae shorter than plate. Presternal area 120 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA lightly reticulated. Tritosternum without basal hyaline margins; laciniae ciliate and extending nearly to the apical hypostomal setae. Metasternal setae subequal to sternals. Without metasternal plates. Epigynial plate linguiform; genital and all ventral setae subequal, longer than dorsals; one pair of ventrals on the posterior margin of the plate or apparently so. Posterior ventral setae as well as smaller marginal and dorsal setae weakly serrate on one side (fig. 10A). Anal plate broadly ovate; the three anal setae slender, subequal, and shorter than anal slit. Adanal setae inserted opposite the middle of the anal slit. With 15 or 16 pairs of ventral non-plate setae. Metapodal plates absent. Peritreme ventrolateral, becoming dorsal over coxa II, and extending to level of middle of coxa I ; surrounded by a narrow peritremal plate, which encircles coxa IV posteriorly. Dorsum (fig. 10B). Dorsal shield with sides subparallel, tapering posteriorly to a blunt wedge; with 26 pairs of short setae which are a bit longer anteriorly and peripherally; lightly reticulated in scapular area. With 10-12 pairs of dorsal, non-plate setae. Gnathosoma. Setation weak; deutosternal teeth in a double file, with about 14-17 denticles. Malae internae long, slender; tectum truncate, with a deeply ciliated margin. Chelicerae relatively short and heavy, the chelae (fig. IOC) forming one-half the length of the second cheliceral segment. Palpal genu with a transverse dorsal pore near base (fig. 10B). Legs. Setae of legs slender and piliform; femora I and II each with two slightly enlarged dorsal setae; femora III and IV each with one slightly enlarged dorsal seta. Coxa I with two subequal piliform setae ; coxa II with an anteromarginal spur and a small, rounded ventral boss; coxa III with a ventral and a posteromarginal spur, both small and acute; coxa IV with one small, sharp marginal spur. Tarsus II without claw- like subapical setae. DEUTONYMPH : Length of idiosoma, 305 /JL. Sternal shield extending to level of posterior margin of coxa IV, as is usual for deutonymphs of this family. The first four pairs of setae are marginal, the fifth pair is off the margin near the posterior end. Coxa II with a slight ventral elevation; coxa III with an acute ventral spur; coxa IV without a spur but with small denticles on the posteroapical margin. Dorsal plate entire, bearing two long, weakly barbed setae at posterior tip. Peritreme extending to level of posterior margin of coxa I ; poststigmal plate lacking. MALE: Unknown. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66415) and one para- type female from Scotinomys xerampelinus, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), ele- vation about 7000 feet, 14 March 1962, in the United States National Mus- eum; three paratype females and 3 paratype nymphs from Peromyscus nudipes, same data, but 9 to 14 March 1962; all collected by C. M. Keenan. Paratypes distributed among collections of United States National Museum ; Texas Technological College, Lubbock; and Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. REMARKS : This species is closest to H . breviseta Strandtmann and Mor- lan, 1953. The latter, however, is without ventral spurs or knobs on coxa II and its first sternal setae are extremely close set ; in addition, the spurs of coxa III are not as pronounced as in the present species. H. galindoi also re- sembles H. transiliensis Bregetova, 1956, but in the latter species there are no ventral non-plate setae so close to the epigynial plate as to appear to be touching it. The ventral idiosomal setae of H. galindoi are long enough to reach the bases of succeeding setae, while those of H. transiliensis are quite short. H. galindoi is named for Sr. Pedro Galindo V., Gorgas Memorial Labora- tory, Panama, who kindly provided certain specimens examined in this study. STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HirstlOmjSSUS 121 FIG. 11. Hirstionyssus lunatus, new species, female (A-C), male (D-F). A, venter. B, chelicera. C, dorsum. D, chelicera. E, dorsum. F, venter. 122 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Hirstionyssus lunatus, new species. Figure 11. DIAGNOSIS : This is a small species ; the female is 350 //. long and has short, delicate setae. It is instantly recognizable by the unusual shape of the anal plate and especially the wide cribrum, which subtends the plate as a semi- circular crescent. The epigynial plate is uniquely scaly in appearance. The coxal spur formula is 0-3-3-1, and trochanters III and IV each bear two heavy apical spurs. Tarsus II is without claw-like apical setae. DESCRIPTION, HOLOTYPE FEMALE (figs. 11A-C). Idiosoma 340 fj, long by 238 fj. wide. Venter (fig. 11A). Sternal plate slightly arched, smooth or only faintly lined; the corners rounded, not noticeably projecting between the coxae. First sternal setae mesad of first sternal pores ; second sternal pores well mesad of sternal setae 2 and 3. Sternal pores small and circular. Sternal setae 2 and 3 close set. Sternal setae 1 slightly shorter than 2 and 3. Presternal area not heavily sclerotized, very faintly lined. Tritosternum weak, transparent; basal portion transversely wrinkled; laciniae finely ciliated. Epigynial plate broad and anteriorly overlapping part of sternal plate; pos- terior margin broad, slightly convex, with one pair of epigynial setae ; in addition a single pair of setae arise from the posterolateral margins of the plate; entire plate reticulate and scaly in appearance. Anal plate unusual for genus. Posterior margin broadly flared; cribrum subtending posterior margin as a crescentic band. Anal opening near anterior margin of plate. Adanal setae arising at anterior level of anal slit, and sub- equal to it in length. Postanal seta well removed from anal slit ; near cribrum ; subequal to adanals. From seven to 11 pairs of ventral non-plate setae which become shorter and heavier laterally. Dorsum (fig. 11C). Dorsal shield covering most of dorsum, straight sided, and broadly rounded anteriorly and posteriorly. With 26 pairs of minute setae that are a bit larger posteriorly. At least posteriormost of these slightly serrate on one side (fig. 11C). Stigma dorsolateral ; peritreme mostly dorsal; enclosed in a narrow plate that attaches to dorsal shield over coxa II. Peritreme extending nearly to level of middle of coxa I. Legs. Majority of setae short and slender. Both setae of coxa I piliform, the proximal somewhat longer. Coxa II with an anteromarginal spur, a ventral triangular spur, and the posterior margin produced into a large, acute projection, here counted as a spur; with two piliform setae. Coxa III with a ventral spur, a posteromarginal spur and two setae ; the anteromarginal seta slender and spinif orm, the posteromarginal setae piliform. Coxa IV with a marginal tooth and a single piliform seta. Anterior apical margin of trochanters III and IV each with three sharp spurs or teeth. Femora I and II with each a pair of enlarged dorsal setae. Tarsus II modified into a slight hook at apex but without claw-like setae. One pair of slender, flagellif orm medioventral setae on tarsus II. Inner margin of femora and genua III and IV slightly crenulated. Gnathosoma. Setae small and slender. Hypostomal and gnathosomal setae small. Malae internae long and slender. Tectum extending as far as level of middle of palpal tibiae; with a ciliate margin. Chelicerae long and slender; chelae about one-fourth as long as second cheliceral segment (fig. 11B). MALE (figs. 11D-F) : Idiosoma. 275 /* long by 188 fj. wide. Venter (fig. 11F). Holoventral plate slightly expanded behind coxa IV, with eight pairs of setae, none of which quite reaches the base of the succeeding seta, plus three smaller anal setae; the latter slender and shorter than anal slit. Anal plate wide, with crescentic cribrum as in female. Dorsum (fig. HE). Dorsal shield nearly covering dorsum; with 28 pairs of very small setae that are slightly longer posteriorly. Peritreme extending nearly to level of middle of coxa I. Stigma ventrolateral. Legs. Tarsus II with two subapical clawlike setae, basad of these are two long flagelliform setae. Trochanters II and III lack the marginal spurs of the female. Coxa STRANDTMANN AND YUNKER : HirstiomjSSUS 123 IV with one or two anteromarginal teeth as well as the posteromarginal spur. The coxal spurs are relatively smaller than those of the female. Gnathosoma. Not significantly different from that of the female. Chelicerae slender, chelae unmodified. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (U.S.N.M. no. 66611), three paratype females and one allotype male from Heteromys desmarestianus, Rio Chan- gena (Bocas del Toro), lower camp, approximately 22 miles WSW of Al- mirante, elevation about 2800 feet, 27 September 1961, collected by C. E. Yunker. Two paratype females from type host, Pina (Canal Zone), 13 De- cember, 1960, collected by C. M. Keenan. Holotype female, allotype male and one paratype female deposited in the United States National Museum. One paratype female in the collection of Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and one paratype female in the collection of Texas Technological College, Lubbock. KEY TO THE PANAMANIAN SPECIES OF H1RSTIONYSSUS FEMALES 1. Epigynial plate with scalelike pattern and two pairs of setae; anal plate much wider than long, laterally angulate; trochanters III and IV with large distal marginal spurs H. lunatus n. sp. Without this combination of characters 2 2. Sternal plate approximately rectangular; ventral spur of coxa II broad and dolabrate, reduced, or absent, on heteromyid or cricetid rodents 3 Sternal plate arcuate, posterior border deeply emarginate; ventral spur of coxa II acute and elongate ; on Sciurus H. keenani n. sp. 3. Chelicerae slender, long; movable chela at most one-sixth the length of second cheliceral segment; anal plate circular H. microchelae n. sp. Chelicerae normal; movable chela at least one-third as long as second cheliceral segment 4 4. Dorsal shield setae normal or reduced but not minute; coxae III with two spurs 5 Dorsal shield setae extremely minute; coxa III with one spur; a small species about 400 /j. long ; with less than 18 pairs of ventral opisthosomal setae H. minutus n. sp. 5. Sternal plate at least three times wider than long; sternal pores slitlike; coxa IV with one spur 6 Sternal plate not quite twice wider than long; sternal pores circular; coxa IV without spurs H. heteromydis n. sp. 6. Sternal plate three times wider than long; movable chela one-third length of second cheliceral segment H . panamensis n. sp. Sternal plate four times wider than long; movable chela one-half length of second cheliceral segment H . galindoi n. sp. References BREGATOVA, N. G. 1956. Gamasoidea. Tabl. anal. Faune U.S.S.R., no. 61. 247 pp., 563 figs. (In Russian.) FONSECA, F. DA 1932. Notas de Acareologia II. Ichoronyssus butantanensis sp. n. (Acarina: Der- manyssidae). Mem. Inst. Butantan, 7: 135-138, 1 fig. 1948. A monograph of the genera and species of Macronyssidae Oudemans, 1936 (synom. : Liponyssidae Vitzthum, 1931). (Acari). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 118: 249-334, 52 figs. KOCH, C. L. 1839. Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Fauna. Pt. 24. OUDEMANS, A. C. 1913. Acarologische Aanteekeningen. xlviii. Ent. Ber., 3: 384-387. STRANDTMANN, R. W., AND MORLAN, H. B. 1953. New species of Hirstionyssus and a key to the known species of the world. Texas Rep. Biol. Med., 11: 627-637, pis. 1-3. 124 The Spinturnicid Mites of Panama 1 (Acarina: Spinturnicidae) DEANE P. FURMAN 2 In recent years, particularly extensive collections have been made of ecto- parasites from Central American mammals and birds. These have chiefly been obtained in the course of epidemiological investigations of arthropod- borne diseases that are transmissible to man, or as a prerequisite to such in- vestigations, because knowledge of the systematics and biology of ectopara- ites is basic to understanding potential pathogen-vector relationships. The present report on the Spinturnicidae, mites which are exclusively parasitic on bats, deals with the Panamanian collections and, with few ex- ceptions, those Trinidadian collections pertaining to new species that occur in both Panama and Trinidad. The rich Panamanian collections were made available to the author by Lt. Col. Vernon J. Tipton, then Chief, Environ- mental Health Branch, Preventive Medicine Division, United States Army, Caribbean. Concurrently, the author studied extensive collections of Trini- dadian bat mites lent through the courtesy of Dr. Thomas H.G. Aitken of the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory of the Rockefeller Foundation at Port of Spain. Trinidad collections will be dealt with in a separate paper. All collecting localities mentioned in this paper are in Panama, unless otherwise stated. The author acknowledges with appreciation the loan of collections by Lt. Col. Tipton and Dr. Aitken and staff of the Trinidad Regional Virus Labo- ratory. Gratitude is expressed to Dr. Marc Andre for making available a specimen of Periglischrus caligus identified by Kolenati, to E. P. Catts for inking the drawings and to the several graduate students in parasitology who helped with various phases of the work. To Mr. Arthur M. Greenhall 1 This investigation was supported in part by Research Grant E-1509 from the Na- tional Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. 2 Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley. 125 126 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA and Dr. Charles 0. Handley, grateful acknowledgment is expressed for aid in problems of bat identification, but the author accepts responsibility for accuracy of host names recorded here. An excellent revision of the family Spinturnicidae was given by Rudnick (1960) . The reader is referred to this publication for complete synonymical lists, for details characteristic of the family and for a key to the genera of Spinturnicidae. Representatives of three genera from Panama are recorded here : Peri- glischrus, Spinturnix, and Paraspinturnix. All Panamanian species key out to the proper genus in Rudnick's (1960) key, except for a new species of Periglischrus, the male of which has peritremes, vestigial to apparently absent anterior to coxae III. Genus Periglischrus Kolenati Periglischrus Kolenati, 1857, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 1, (2), p. 60. Rudnick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 195 (complete bibliographical synonymy). Type-species: Periglischrus caligus Kolenati, 1857, by subsequent designation (Oude- mans, 1903, Tidschr. Ent., 45:135). DIAGNOSIS (based on adults and modified from Rudnick, 1960) : Dorsum. Two dorsal plates closely approximated, occupying greater part of podosoma in female, and most of idiosoma of male; anterior plate much larger than posterior plate. Five pairs setae bordering anterior dorsal shield anterior to stigmata. One pair setae slightly posteromedial to stigmata. Peritreme completely dorsal, usually extending from level of coxa IV to level of coxa I. Venter. Lacking tritosternum. Female sternal plate with three pairs marginal setae which may be set off plate. Male sternal plate with five pairs setae. Epigynial plate reduced to narrow sclerotization with pair of small genital setae close to or on lateral margins of plate near posterior tip. Opisthosoma of non-teneral females usually greatly expanded to relatively flat, broad, fan-shaped appearance, with characteristically shaped areas of heavy sclerotization. Opisthosoma of male reduced, scarcely projecting posterior to level of coxae IV ; six to eight pairs setae, exclusive of adanal pair, ventrally posterior to sternal plate. Anal plate in female small, subterminal, narrow, with pair adanal setae and dorsal postanal seta ; anus terminal or dorsal. Male anal plate usually large, oc- cupying much of area between coxae IV, with minute, dorsoterminal postanal seta. Legs. Large caruncles and claws on all legs. Dorsal and lateral setae short to long. Ventral setae usually short with exception of long, subterminal, tarsal trichobothria. Tarsus I of males with two long, bluntly tipped dorsal sensory setae located respectively at basal one-third and apical positions. REMARKS : The previously known species of the genus Periglischrus were recorded only from bats of the family Phyllostomidae. The major part of the records of Periglischrus reported here are from the Phyllostomidae, but several collections are from the Desmodidae of the same superfamily and several are recorded from bats of the family Natalidae of the Vespertili- onoidea. A single collection of several specimens is also recorded from a bat of the family Noctilionidae, superfamily Emballonuroidea. Various instars of Periglischrus species commonly are encountered on their hosts. In common with other members of the family, species of this genus pass the larval stage of development in the body of the female. The first active stage seen is the protonymph which is characterized as follows : three pairs sternal setae ; metasternal setae absent ; four pairs dorsal propo- dosomal setae; peritreme short, extending barely, if at all, anterior to level FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 127 of posterior margin of coxa II. Female deutonymphs, as far as known, have a pair of metasternal setae, five pairs dorsal propodosomal setae and a long, dorsal peritreme extending to or near level of coxa I. Chelicerae as in adult female. Male deutonymphs resemble female deutonymphs but differ in hav- ing fewer setae ventrally between coxae IV, and these are arranged in the adult male pattern. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PERIGLISCHRUS OF THE WORLD FEMALES 1. Peritreme of normal size over coxa III, narrow and thread-like from coxa III to I ; from Natahis mexicanus natali n. sp. Peritreme of normal size throughout 2 2. Sternal plate about twice or more as wide as long; seven pairs of dorsal opistho- somal setae 3 Sternal plate longer or approximately as long as wide; less than seven pairs of dorsal opisthosomal setae 4 3. Sternal plate with broad, antero-median projection bearing first pair of setae; anterior end of adanal plate flanked by pair of shell-like sclerotized areas ; four pairs strong, prominently plumose setae on unsclerotized venter in addition to normal setae; all legs with ventral broad, flat setae prominently fringed; com- mon on Pteronotus parnellii fuscus elongatus n. sp. Anterior margin of sternal plate slightly concave; adanal plate not flanked by shell-like sclerotizations; opisthosoma lacking prominently plumose setae ven- trally; ventral leg setae of normal shape and at most narrowly fringed; from Mormoops spp strandtmanni Tibbetts 4. Several pairs of ventral body setae with grossly expanded bases and acuminate tips; first and second pairs of dorsal propodosomal setae minute; from Phyl- lostomus hastatus inflatiseta n. sp. Ventral body setae simple, not with grossly expanded bases; first pair dorsal propodosomal setae may or may not be reduced ; second pair not reduced 5 5. Femur, patella and tibia of legs III and IV each with an inflated, straight, blade- like postero-ventral seta 6 Femur, patella and tibia of legs III and IV lacking straight, blade-like postero- ventral setae ; leg IV with three apically recurved postero-ventral setae 7 6. First pair of dorsal propodosomal setae minute, usually embedded on margins of anterior dorsal plate; ratio of distance between first pair of propodosomal setae to that between first and second pairs less than 3:1; from numerous genera of phyllostomid hosts, particularly Artibeus iheringi Oudemans First pair of dorsal propodosomal setae well developed, inserted on unarmed cuticula; ratio of distance between first pair of propodosomal setae to that be- tween first and second pairs greater than 4:1; common hosts Sturnira spp. aitkeni n. sp. 7. Dorsal propodosomal setae relatively long, the longest measuring over 60 n; tibia and tarsus of legs I and II lacking inflated, recurved postero-ventral setae 8 Dorsal propodosomal setae relatively short, the longest measuring not over 50 /x; tibia and tarsus of leg I and patella and tibia of II each with an inflated, re- curved, postero-ventral seta, superficially appearing blunt 10 8. Femur II with only one of dorsal setae tiny; ratio of distance between first pair of propodosomal setae to that between first and second pairs greater than 4:1; common on Desmodus desmodi n. sp. Femur II with two of dorsal setae tiny; ratio of distance between first pair of propodosomal setae to that between first and second pairs less than 3:1 9 9. Palpal tibia with strong medio-distal lobe; leg IV with large, broadly inflated scimitar-like postero-ventral setae; dorsal opisthosoma bearing four small setae; from Glossophaga soricina caligus Kolenati 128 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Palpal tibia lacking medio-distal lobe; leg IV with elongate, setaceous, curved postero-ventral setae; dorsal opisthosoma bearing six medium to large setae; hosts: Anoura, Lonchoglossa, Trachops vargasi Hoffmann 10. Sternal plate broadly jug-shaped with short, narrow neck; anterior dorsal plate longer than broad (320 // by 281 /it) ; coxa III with relatively large posterior seta; anterior legs, exclusive of ambulacrum, over 500 /j, long; hosts : common on Phyllostomus, Trachops tiptoni n. sp. Sternal plate narrowly pear-shaped with eroded margins and a long neck ; anterior dorsal plate about as broad as long measured on the mid-line (243 /a) ; coxa III with very small posterior seta; anterior legs, exclusive of ambulacrum, less than 400 /* long; common on Micronycteris micronycteridis n. sp. MALES 1. Peritreme constricted and thread-like anterior to mid-level of coxa III. . .natali n. sp. Peritreme of normal size throughout 2 2. Unarmed ventral cuticula of idiosoma with numerous minute, thornlike mam- millations 3 Unarmed ventral cuticula of idiosoma lacking such mammillations 4 3. Coxa II with two long, subequal setae; distal seta of coxa I simple, setiform elongatus n. sp. Coxa II with posterior seta much larger than anterior seta; distal seta of coxa I expanded, blade-like strandtmanni Tibbetts 4. Legs I and II with several blunt, fusiform setae; some ventral setae between coxae IV inflated inflatiseta n. sp. Not as above 5 5. Sternal plate setae short; anterior pair extending about one-half distance to level of second pair 6 Sternal plate setae relatively long; anterior pair extending about four-fifths or more of distance to level of second pair 7 6. A small mite with idiosoma less than 400 fj. long; posterior seta of coxa II about 50 n long; dorsal propodosomal setae short, not over 45 fj. long. . . .caligus Kolenati Idiosoma over 500 /* long; posterior seta of coxa II about 130 /* long; longest dorsal propodosomal setae over 65 /* long vargasi Hoffmann 7. Tarsi III and IV with coarsely barbed dorsal setae; ratio of length of posterior seta to that of anterior seta of coxa II less than 2:1 tiptoni n. sp. Tarsi III and IV superficially nude; ratio of length of posterior seta to that of anterior seta of coxa II over 2:1 8 8. Anterior dorsal propodosomal setae relatively close together; ratio of distance between bases of first pair of setae to that between bases of first and second pairs about 2:1 iheringi Oudemans Ratio of distance between bases of first pair of setae to that between bases of first and second pairs about, or more than 4:1 9 9. Three pairs setae on unarmed dorsal opisthosoma ; ventral pair setae behind sternal plate about three-fourths length of posterior setae of sternal plate, .desmodi n. sp. One pair setae on unarmed dorsal opisthosoma; ventral pair setae behind sternal plate minute 10 10. Relatively large mite with anterior legs, exclusive of ambulacra, over 500 /j. long; spermatophoral process less than 100 /j. long, shaped as a shepherd's crook aitkeni n. sp. Relatively small mite, anterior legs about 400 ^ long exclusive of ambulacra; spermatophoral process over 150 n long, extensively recurved . micronycteridis n. sp. Periglischrus natali, new species. Plate 37. Both sexes of this mite differ from other known species of the genus in the sharp constriction of the peritremes to a thread-like appearance anterior to the level of coxae III. FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 129 DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 37, figs. 1, 2) : A small mite for the genus, broadly rounded anteriorly and posteriorly and with lateral margins constricted at level of anterior opistho- soma. Idiosoma 486-540 /j. long by 280-380 /j. wide. Legs short, stout. Dorsum. Overall outline of two dorsal plates ovate. Plates separated only by lateral invaginations opposite stigmata, extending inward one-fourth width of plate, and by a suture in mid-region. Anterior plate 209 /* long on mid-line by 209 /u. wide ; slightly angulate shoulders at level of second pair propodosomal setae; with 10 pairs distinct alveoli. Posterior plate 92 fj. long on mid-line by 148 /j. wide; with nine pairs alveoli; pair minute setae in posterior pair alveoli. Anterior pair propodosomal setae 25 ^ long, others progressively smaller proceeding posteriorly; ratio of distance between bases of first pair propodosomal setae to that between first and second pairs 0.7:1. Peritremes of normal length for genus but abruptly constricted and thread-like from mid-level of coxae III to level of anterior margins of coxae II, of normal width at anterior tip and posteriorly. Unarmed opisthosoma with six pairs minute setae. Posterior tip of anal plate extending dorsally, with minute postanal seta dorsal. Venter. Sternal plate broadly jug-shaped with short, anterior, "neck" ending bluntly ; 101 fj. long by 91 n wide; three pairs fine short (7 /j.) setae just off plate; two pairs pores on plate. Pair metasternal setae subequal to sternals, located postero-lateral to plate. Epigynial plate small, fan-shaped anteriorly, constricted centrally and slightly expanded at posterior tip; pair genital setae subequal to sternals, inserted off plate opposite con- striction. Pattern of opisthosomal sclerotized areas basically as in Periglischrus tiptoni, but not visible in some specimens. Opisthosomal setae minute, slightly longer posteriorly ; 11 pairs excluding adanal pair; adanal pair longer, 18 /j., and set anterior to anal opening on subterminal, pyriform anal plate. Legs. Short, stout; leg I 286 /j. long exclusive of ambulacrum. All coxal setae deli- cate, minute except for posterior one of coxa II which is strong and about 73 fj. long. Setae of other leg segments relatively small for the genus, otherwise not strikingly modified. Numbers of minute dorsal setae on femora I to IV respectively are 0, 1, 2, 2. Posterior margin of femur, patella and tibia IV each with quite long, narrow, sickle-shaped seta. Gnathosoma. Inner and outer hypostomal setae absent; distal hypostomal and gnathosomal setae subequal, simple, about 11 /x long. Palpal tibia with slight medio- distal lobe. MALE (pi. 37, figs. 3, 4) : A relatively small, elliptical to ovoid mite with setation less robust than is typical of the genus. Idiosoma 324 /JL long by 243 fj. wide. Dorsum. Dorsal plates similar to those of female but fusion of anterior and pos- terior plates more complete; combined plates cover all but narrow lateral margins of idiosoma; anterior plate 211 /x long on mid-line by 178 /u wide; posterior plate 86 /JL long by 119 /j. wide. Propodosomal setae relatively short, anterior two pairs about 24 /* long, others slightly shorter; ratio of distance between bases of first pair to that between bases of first and second pairs about 0.55:1. Unarmed opisthosoma bearing one pair of small setae postero-laterally in addition to subequal postanal seta terminally. Peritreme more reduced than in female, only the posterior extremity to the mid-level of coxa III of normal width; constricted portion reduced to vestigial state and all but invisible even in stained specimens. Venter. Sternal plate longer than wide, modified cordate with relatively long antero- median projection and prominent antero-lateral shoulders; four pairs marginal and one pair submedian well developed, acicular setae; posterior pairs noticeably shorter than anterior pair. Two pairs pores on plate. Pair of small setae just behind sternal plate about one-third size of posterior sternal setae. Anal plate longer than broad with ir- regular margins, extending from mid-level of coxae IV to posterior body margin, widest at mid-level. Acicular setae on and around anal plate slightly smaller than posterior sternal setae; one pair anterior to anal plate, one at level of anterior one-fifth of plate and one pair opposite constriction of posterior one-third of plate; three pairs setae on plate anterior to adanal pair of setae; latter smaller than other setae and situated just anterior to anus. Anus terminal. Pair small adanal platelets flanking postero-lateral margins of anal plate appearing typically as sinuous, longitudinally oriented bars. 130 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Legs. Leg I of allotype 297 /* long exclusive of ambulacrum. Proximal seta of coxa I and anterior seta of coxa III very small, others relatively long; posterior seta of coxa II longest, 56 p., over twice as long as next longest coxal seta. Ventral leg setae small, acicular. Dorsal leg setae acicular, nude or very minutely and sparsely barbed; few long setae, majority small to minute; one minute seta each on femora II, III and IV, none on femur I. Gnathosoma. Pair gnathosomal setae 12 /u, long, slightly longer than distal hypo- stomal pair. Inner and outer hypostomal setae absent. Hypostomal processes elongate with membranous expansion. Usual pair of blunt, sinuous setae on tip of tibia very strongly developed. Chelicerae normal, each with spermatophoral process tubular, re- curved, about 96 n long. Tectum a simple lobe with narrowly rounded apex and broad base with slight proximal constriction. MALE DEUTONYMPH : Characteristic of the genus except that peritreme is abruptly constricted over anterior one-third of coxa III and continued anteriorly as thread-like, sinuous, dorsal line to posterior level of coxa I. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female and allotype male, together with 2 female, 2 male and 1 deutonymphal paratypes (host no. 6729) collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton from Natalus stramineus mexicanus at San Lorenzo Caves, Fort Sherman (Canal Zone), 15 March 1961. Five para- types including 3 females, 1 male and 1 protonymph with same collection data as type but taken as a separate collection. Holotype, allotype and 2 paratypes in the United States National Museum; 2 paratypes, male and female, Chicago Natural History Museum; 1 male paratype, Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory ; remaining paratypes in collection of author. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED : 1 female, same data as the type, and 4 males from Natalus tumidirostris haymani, Mount Tamana Caves, Trini- dad, by T. H. G. Aitken, 20 November 1957. REMARKS : This is the only spinturnicid collected from bats of the genus Natalus. Goodwin and Greenhall (1961) recorded Natalus tumidirostris haymani in Trinidad roosting in caves in association with several other species of bats, which are recorded in the present paper as hosts of five other distinct species of Periglischrus. In view of the apparent opportunity for transfer of mites from host to host under such conditions, failure to find any evidence of such transfer indicates a rather strict host specificity of P. natali to bats of the genus Natalus. Periglischrus elongatus, new species. Plate 38. Females of Periglischrus elongatus are characterized by a sternal plate which is broader than long and with the first pair of setae on a broad anterior projection of the plate ; the legs bear numerous ventral, prominent, flattened, bipectinate setae. Both sexes, in common with Periglischrus strandtmanni, have numerous minute, ventral, thorn-like mammillations. Males differ from the latter species in having a long, typically setiform, distal seta on coxa I and in having two long, subequal setae on coxa II. DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 38, figs. 1, 2) : An elongate mite with relatively short, stout legs. Idiosoma 1000 fj. long by 405 //, wide at level of coxae IV. Dorsum. Plates relatively small ; larger anterior one 250 /j. long by 232 p wide, with- out pronounced shoulders of Periglischrus strandtmanni; with 11 pairs circular alveoli, at least two pairs with minute setae. Small posterior plate 69 p. long by 110 n wide, with seven pairs alveoli, posterior pair bearing minute setae. First pair propodosomal setae FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 131 about one-half length of remaining four pairs which measure up to 55 /u long; ratio of distance between bases of first pair to that between first and second pairs 1.8 :1. Opistho- soma with seven pairs well developed setae. Peritreme normal. Anal opening dorsal, subterminal; sclerotized rim of anus subcircular; postanal sclerotization anterior to anus in form of inverted U with slightly serrated inner rim ; minute postanal seta centered on inner rim of postanal sclerotization. Venter. Sternal plate shorter than broad, 61 /* long on mid-line by 128 n wide, with broad anteromedian projection bearing first pair setae; posterior margin slightly con- cave in middle; three pairs sternal setae subequal, approximately 28 /JL long; second and third pairs located on posterior margin of plate; two pairs rounded pores on plate. Pair metasternal setae about one-half length of sternal setae, located midway between sternal and epigynial plates. Genital opening a small transverse slit in mid-line at level of pos- terior margins of coxae III. Epigynial plate a narrow longitudinal strip 67 /JL long by 9 /j. wide bearing two prominent, lightly pilose, long setae, 61 /JL long, on posterior margin. Adanal pair setae similar to genital setae but somewhat shorter, arising from posterior margin of ventral platelet which is a narrow, elongate bar, slightly enlarged posteriorly and widely separated from dorsally situated anus ; anterior end of platelet in a cavity bordered by two lateral shell-like sclerotized areas. Opisthosomal cuticula minutely striated, bearing nine pairs setae; pair larger setae anterior to adanal setae and two pairs on postero-lateral margins prominently bipectinate; other setae smaller and most arising from cup-shaped alveoli as illustrated. Podosomal cuticula in region of sternal plate furnished with numerous minute, thorn-like mammillations. Legs. Relatively short and stout; legs I 383 LL long exclusive of ambulacrum; pos- terior seta of coxa II modified to appearance reminiscent of palmate hairs of Anopheles mosquito larvae, with enlarged, flattened basal section gradually tapering toward apex and bipectinate throughout; distal seta coxa I slightly shorter than posterior seta of II, typically setiform, sparsely and minutely barbed; anterior setae of II and III similar but smaller; other coxal setae simple, short. Coxa II with antero-dorsal marginal spur and coxa III with posterior marginal spur. Prominent palmate setae similar to that of coxa II present on ventral side of most other leg segments distal to coxae, in addition to unmodi- fied setae, several of which are slightly pectinate. Dorsal setae well developed, simple; long setae very minutely and sparsely barbed ; no minute setae on femora. Gnathosoma. Pair distal hypostomal setae 16 M long, somewhat longer than gnatho- somal pair. Inner hypostomal setae absent; outer hypostomal pair represented only by pair of small alveoli. Palpi unmodified except for sclerotized ventro-medial, bidentate to tridentate flange on each trochanter, flanking mouthparts. Chelicerae normal. MALE (pi. 38, figs. 3-5) : A relatively long-legged mite with ovoid body 350 /JL long by 285 n wide in allotype. Other specimens up to 430 /* long. Dorsum. Dorsal plates closely approximated and covering all but narrow margin of idiosoma. Anterior plate 226 /JL long by 235 /JL wide, with narrowly rounded anterior margin, moderate shoulders over coxae I and widest at level between coxae II-III; posterior margin truncate and angularly concave; surface with 12 pairs alveoli. Pos- terior plate 75 /JL long by 104 n wide; subtriangular ; surface with seven pairs alveoli, posterior pair bearing minute setae. Propodosomal setae all of moderate length, up to 34 fj. long; ratio of distance between bases of first pair to that between first and second pairs 1.7-2.4:1 based on four specimens. Peritremes normal for genus except that they bend laterad markedly between coxae II and III and dip to ventral surface at this point on some specimens. Unarmed opisthosoma lacking setae. Venter. Sternal plate broadly flask-shaped with long anterior neck, 151 /JL long on mid-line by 140 /JL wide at level of second pair setae; with four pairs marginal and one pair post-centrally located setae; anterior pair 33 /* long, others subequal or slightly shorter; surface with pattern of transverse lines. Pair submedial setae posterior to sternal plate three-fourths length of posterior sternal setae. Five pairs simple setae, subequal to posterior sternals, located between coxae IV on unarmed cuticula; adanal setae stouter and longer and located on small anal plate just anterior to terminal anus; anal plate small with ill-defined margins. Postanal seta minute and dorsal. Ventral cuticula of idiosoma furnished with minute thorn-like mammillations as illustrated. 132 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Legs. Relatively long ; leg I 470 /u long exclusive of ambulacrum. Coxal setae simple, well developed; anterior and posterior setae of coxae II subequal, other segments ven- trally with setae normal, relatively short. Coxa II with antero-dorsal marginal spur and coxa III with posterior marginal spur. Dorsal setation normal for genus with all setae essentially nude. Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae simple, small, subequal. Outer hypostomal setae vestigial, set in relatively prominent alveoli. Inner hypostomal setae absent. Hypostomal processes long, elliptical, each with membranous, blade-like expansion. Palpi relatively long, thin. Chelicerae each with short, recurved spermato- phoral process about 55 fi long. FEMALE DEUTONYMPH : Idiosoma shape similar to that of male, 432 fj. long by 356 ^ wide, but legs relatively stout in relation to length; leg I 443 /u long exclusive of ambu- lacrum. Peritreme extending only to level of posterior one-fifth of coxa II, posterolaterad of dorsal propodosomal seta IV. Dorsal plates as in male. Venter with angulate mam- millations as in male. Sternal plate subcircular with anterior margin slightly projected; surface with transverse lines; three pairs setae on plate. Two pairs setae in space be- tween sternal plate and level of anterior margin of coxae IV. Unarmed cuticula between coxae IV and anterior to anal plate with seven pairs simple setae. Three pairs minute peg-like setae lateral to anal plate. Anal plate ovate, broader posteriorly, terminal, with pair well developed adanal setae. MALE DEUTONYMPH : Idiosomal shape as in female deutonymph but legs not as stout in relation to length. Dorsum as in female deutonymph; typical specimen appears to have narrower margin of body unprotected by dorsal plates. Sternal plate with antero- median lobe more pronounced than in female deutonymph; three pairs setae on plate and three pairs immediately posterior to it. Unarmed cuticula between coxae IV and anterior to anal plate with five pairs simple setae; lacking three pairs peg-like setae lateral to anal plate. Angulate mammillations and other ventral features as in female deutonymph. PROTONYMPH : A broadly elliptical mite with short, stout legs bearing rather delicate setae. Idiosoma 395 /* long by 319 /JL wide. Leg I 405 ,u long exclusive of ambulacrum. Dorsal plates as in male. Only four pairs propodosomal setae similar in size to those of male. Peritreme dorsal, extending anteriorly only to space between coxae II and III, ending on lateral margin of body or even ventro-laterally. Sternal plate margins in- distinct, with three pairs well developed, simple setae and two pairs pores ; surface trans- versely sculptured. Ventral area between coxae IV and anterior to anal plate with four pairs simple setae. Leg setae simple, nude. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae relatively longer than in male. Outer hypostomal setae small but distinct, much larger than in male. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (colln. no. T275) together with para- type female collected by W. G. Downs from "Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca" at Mt. Tamana Caves, Trinidad, 12 June 1956. Allotype male and one para- type male (colln. no. T269) with same collection data as type. Other para- types include 2 protonymphs with same data as type; 13 males, 1 female deutonymph and 1 protonymph from same host and locality taken by T. H. G. Aitken, 20 November 1957 ; 2 males from same host at Heights of Guanapo, Trinidad, by T. H. G. Aitken, 19 May 1957, and 1 female, 5 males and 3 proto- nymphs with same data but collected 1 October 1957 ; 6 females, 31 males, 3 female deutonymphs, 4 male deutonymphs and 8 protonymphs from same host species taken at Paraiso (Canal Zone), by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 24 July 1959. Holotype, allotype and 9 paratypes, including 4 males, 1 female, 2 proto- nymphs and 2 deutonymphs (male and female), in the United States Na- tional Museum ; 8 paratypes, including all stages, Chicago Natural History FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 133 Museum; 4 paratypes (males and females), Trinidad Regional Virus Labo- ratory ; remaining material in the collection of the author. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: From Pteronotus parnellii fuscus: Paraiso (Canal Zone) , 16 September 1959 ; Madden Air Field (Canal Zone) , 23 May and 3 October 1961; Chilibrillo Caves (Panama), 2 August 1960; Bocas del Toro Province, 1 February 1960; Cerro Hoya (Los Santos), 18 February 1962. From Pteronotus suapurensis, a single collection of 3 males, Chilibrillo Caves (Panama), collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 8 March 1960. REMARKS : Periglischrus elongatus is most closely related to Periglischrus strandtmanni Tibbetts, which also occurs on chilonycterine bats, but of the genus Mormoops. The question of degree of intraspecific variation in Periglischrus elon- gatus is still open. Two abnormal female specimens are at hand from Pteronotus parnellii fuscus taken in Peninsula de Azuero (Los Santos Prov- ince), 24 February 1962. In these the characteristics of the species are for the most part greatly exaggerated. The legs are stouter and more heavily sclerotized, and more of the ventral setae are modified into heavily fringed "palmate" setae. More striking is the presence of a strong, deep camerostome bordered posteriorly by the sternal plate and laterally by heavily sclerotized margins. The dorsal propodosomal setae are modified into short, stout, blunt spines. Whether these two specimens represent genetic freaks or are actually representative of a distinct population is un- known. The single male at hand from this area is apparently normal. Periglischrus strandtmanni Tibbetts Periglischrus strandtmanni Tibbetts, 1957, Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 30, (1), p. 14, pis. 1-3 United States National Museum, Washington (Frio Cave, Uvalde County, Texas, from Mormoops megalophylla senicula). Rudnick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 199. This mite has been recorded previously only from the type collection, from Texas, and while it has not been collected in Panama, a recent collection from Trinidad indicates its probable occurrence in Panama. Comparison of a female specimen from Trinidad with Tibbetts' descrip- tion and figures demonstrates close agreement. However, the "Y"-shaped anal plate with two long posterior setae described by Tibbetts as dorsal in po- sition is actually ventral just as in the new species, P. elongatus, described in the present publication; the two long setae are adanal setae. Tibbetts' species lacks the pair of adanal, shell-like sclerotized platelets flanking the anal plate of P. elongatus. The anal opening and minute postanal seta are dorsal in position and appear just as described for P. elongatus. Many of the ventral leg setae are sparsely bipectinate, but none show the inflated "palmate" appearance characteristic of P. elongatus. Other differential characters are given in the discussion of the latter species. The specimen recorded here is a female taken from Mormoops mega- lophylla tumidiceps Miller, at Mount Tamana Caves, Trinidad, by T. H. G. Aitken, 20 November 1957. 134 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Periglischrus inflatiseta, new species. Plate 39. The female of Periglischrus inflatiseta differs from all other members of the genus in possessing characteristically inflated setae on the venter. The male is very similar to Periglischrus tiptoni from which it differs in its smaller size, its much shorter and broader, blunt, ventral setae on legs I and II, shorter anterior legs, and in the absence of strongly serrated setae on tarsus III. DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 39, figs. 1, 2) : A relatively small mite for the genus with idiosoma of gravid specimens broadly rounded anteriorly and opisthosoma moderately flared in fan shape. Idiosoma of type specimen 760 fj, long by 454 p wide. Dorsum. Overall outline of two dorsal plates ovate with broad end anterior. An- terior plate 230 fj, long on mid-line by 244 jj, wide; broadest at level of coxae II; with 10 pairs of obvious alveoli, some bearing microsetae; a longitudinal median slit seen in all mounted specimens may represent merely a zone of weakness resulting in an artifact; posterior margin truncate and bridged to posterior plate by two small, submedian lobes. Posterior plate approximately triangular with posterior apex rounded; 83 fj. long by 151 fj. wide; seven pairs alveoli of which subterminal pair bear microsetae. Propodosomal setae minute, especially first two pairs; ratio distance between bases first pair setae to that between first and second pairs approximately 2:1. Pair of minute metapodosomal setae mesad of stigmata. Four pair minute setae on opisthosoma. Minute postanal seta subterminal. Peritremes extend almost to level of second pair propodosomal setae. Venter. Sternal plate longer (100 /j.) than wide (98 /j.) , pentagonal with rounded corners, concave antero-lateral margins, and straight to concave posterior margin ; three pairs short simple setae on margins, first pair 18 fj. long, others 26 n long. Pair meta- sternal setae lateral to posterior corners sternal plate, strongly sclerotized, flattened and broadly fusiform basally, abruptly acuminate distally, 39 n long by 15 /u. wide. Pair epigynial setae similar to metasternals but smaller, arising from small, poorly sclerotized epigynial platelet behind transverse genital slit; small, fan-shaped pattern of striae on cuticula anterior to genital slit. Opisthosomal pattern of sclerotization similar to that of P. Iheringi. Opisthosoma with 10 pairs setae in addition to adanal pair: pair small, normal, submedian setae on anterior of opisthosoma followed in diverging rows posteriorly by two pairs prominent inflated setae of same type as metasternals but larger; smaller inflated pair submedian setae at mid-opisthosomal level; remaining setae on posterior half of opisthosoma normal, slightly fusiform, arranged as in P. tiptoni. Anal plate as described for P. tiptoni. Legs. Short, stout; leg I 405 /j. long exclusive of ambulacrum. Coxal setae well developed: I with two acicular setae, basal slightly longer than distal; anterior seta of II fusiform, posterior one longer than others (72 /*), minutely barbed; anterior seta of III small, normal, posterior one large, 34 ^ long, broadly fusiform, similar to metasternals ; seta of IV well developed, normally setiform with slightly fusiform base. Ventrally trochanter, femur and tarsus I and segments of II exclusive of coxa, each with one or more prominent, short, stout, blunt, flattened setae with tendency toward slight barbs on one edge; III and IV with several strong postero-ventral setae, fusiform basally, acutely tipped. Dorsally setal vestiture normal for genus with long setae minutely barbed; femora I and II each with minute antero-basal seta; III and IV each with two small basal setae. Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal setae small, acicular ; distal hypostomal pair similar, but twice as long; outer hypostomal pair vestigial; inner pair absent. Palpal tibia with very slight medio-distal lobe; trochanter with blunt, ventral, flap-like emargination distally. Chelicerae normal for genus. MALE (pi. 39, figs. 3, 4) : Idiosoma broadly ovoid, widest at level of coxae II-III; 405 fj. long by 356 /j, wide. Opisthosoma rudimentary. Dorsum. Dorsal plates as in Periglischrus tiptoni but smaller; anterior plate 246 n long by 246 n. wide; posterior plate 120 /j. long by 148 /j. wide. Propodosomal setae short, FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 135 subequal, 16-20 fj, long; ratio of distance between first pair of setal bases to that between first and second pairs approximately 2:1. Unarmed opisthosoma bearing one pair small setae. Venter. As described for Periglischrus tiptoni with following exception: first and third pair of large setae in space between coxae IV basally inflated. Legs. Leg I 440 ^ long exclusive of ambulacrum. Coxae with relatively long setae ; posterior seta of II 59 p. long, that of III 48 ^ long. Ventrally trochanter and femur I each with two prominent, blunt, broadly fusiform, short setae; similar though less prom- inent setae on patella and tibia; tarsus I with short, broad fusiform seta proximal to mid-level. Ventrally leg II with short, broad fusiform setae on all segments but coxa. Ventral setae of III and IV tend to be basally inflated and terminate in acute tips. Tarsi III and IV ventrally each with one proximal and a pair of short, subapical, bluntly con- ical, stout setae in addition to others. Dorsally femur I with one to two minute setae, femur II with one, femur III with two, and femur IV with one minute setae. Tarsus IV with pair strongly serrate dorsobasal setae; tarsus III lacking serrate setae. Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae subequal, 17 fj. long; outer hypostomal setae minute; inner hypostomals absent. Similar in general appearance to P. tiptoni but lateral seta of palpal femur not prominently serrated, and two stout apical setae of tibia are particularly well developed in P. inflatiseta. TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female, allotype male, and 5 paratypes includ- ing 3 females, 1 male and 1 female deutonymph (host no. 43065) collected by V. J. Tipton from Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis at Panama City (Panama) , June 1961. Paratype series also includes the following : 1 female from Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis, Chepo Road (Panama), C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 8 October 1959. From Phyllostomus hastatus hastatus, 1 female and 2 males, Heights of Guanapo, Trinidad, T. H. G. Aitken, 19 May 1958 ; a female, male and protonymph, at Heights of Guanapo, Trinidad, W. G. Downs, 7 November 1956 ; 3 females and 1 male from same location, T. H. G. Aitken, 11 August 1957. Holotype, allotype and 2 paratypes, male and female, in the United States National Museum ; 2 paratypes (male and female) , Chicago Natural History Museum and Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory; remaining material in the collection of the author. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: In addition to the paratypes listed above, 1 male and 2 females were taken from (2) Phyllostomus hastatus by K. von Sneidern at La Macarena, Rio Guapaya, Colombia, 14 March 1957. REMARKS : Periglischrus inflatiseta is usually found in association with Periglischrus tiptoni on subspecies of Phyllostomus hastatus, but the more common tiptoni apparently occurs on a wider range of host species. Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans, 1902, Ent. Ber., 1, (6), p. 38 Rijksmuseum fur Naturlijke Historic, Leiden (Sao Paulo, Brazil, from Vampyrops lineatus). Rud- nick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 197, pi. 30. This species was adequately redescribed by Rudnick (1960) . Specimens identified as this species in the current study agree closely with Rudnick's description. Slight intraspecific differences appear in some characters such as the length of the small antero-basal seta on the dorsal aspect of femur II of the female. For example, in specimens from Artibeus lituratus pal- marum this seta is consistently larger than in specimens from Artibeus j. 136 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA jamaicensis; in Rudnick's (1960) figure of this species he has omitted the small, dorsal, antero-basal seta of femur II. On some females three pairs of ventral alveoli can be seen, arranged in two diverging rows between and posterior to coxae IV ; minute setae are visible in the alveoli on some well- mounted specimens. The female may be distinguished from other species by the following combination of characters : A large mite with expansile, fan-shaped opis- thosoma. Palpal tibia lacking prominent subapical lobe. Anterior pair dorsal propodosomal setae tiny, usually inserted on dorsal plate; other propodosomal setae long (up to 67 ^} . Ratio of distance between bases of first pair propodosomal setae to that between bases of first and second pairs less than 3 :1. Posterior seta coxa II much longer than other coxal setae, minutely barbed ; posterior seta coxa III approximately 55 ^ long, inflated, blade-like; postero-ventral margins legs III and IV with several straight, blade-like setae. Proximal dorsal seta of femur, genu and tibia II long. The male of Periglischrus iheringi resembles that of the new species Periglischrus aitkeni. It may be differentiated by the longer, dorsal, pro- podosomal setae (up to 73 //. long), by the longer spermatophoral processes (198 //, long) and by the position of the anterior pair of dorsal propodosomal setae which are more closely approximated ; the ratio of the distance between the bases of the first pair of propodosomal setae to that between the first and second pair ranges from 1.7 :1 to 2.2 :1 (19 specimens measured) ; this com- pares to a ratio of 5.5 :1 for P. aitkeni. From the closely related Periglischrus vargasi, males of P. iheringi may be distinguished by the presence of, at most, one small to medium-sized dorsal seta on femur II, in contrast to two minute to small setae in this position on P. vargasi. Periglischrus iheringi is the most commonly encountered spinturnicid in collections seen from Panama. Not only does it occur in considerable num- bers on its hosts, but it infests an unusually large number of bat genera of the family Phyllostomidae, and even extends to the Desmodidae. MATERIAL EXAMINED : The following new distribution records represent collections made by V. J. Tipton alone or with C. M. Keenan. Each collection was from a single bat. From Uroderma b. bilobatum: Summit Gardens (Canal Zone) , 3 collections of 1 female, of 1 male, and of 4 females, 2 males and 1 nymph, 11 September 1959; Bocas del Toro Province, 3 females, 5 February 1960; Escobal (Colon), 1 female, 28 September 1960; Rodman Dispensary (Canal Zone), 5 females, 2 males and 3 nymphs, 27 April 1961. From Vampyrops vittatus: Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), 2 females, 2 males, 2 nymphs, 5 February 1960; Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), 3 females, 4 males, 1 nymph, 24 September 1961, and 2 males, 1 nymph, 20 September 1961. From Vampyrops helleri: Fort Sherman (Canal Zone), male and nymph, 2 December 1959; Almirante (Bocas del Toro), 2 collections of 2 males and of a female, male, 2 nymphs, 23 January 1960, and of a female and 2 males, 24 January 1960; Cerro Hoya (Los Santos), 1 male, 10 February 1962, 1 male on 13 February 1962 and 1 female on 24 February 1962. From Vampyressa pusilla: from Cerro Hoya, two collections of 1 female and of 1 nymph on 10 February 1962, 3 females and 1 male on 22 February 1962 and 2 females on 24 February 1962. From Vampyrodes major: Bocas del FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 137 Toro Province, 1 male, 25 January 1960; Pena Point (Darien), two collec- tions comprised of 3 females, 3 males, 2 nymphs, 24 March 1960 ; Rio Sete- ganti (Darien), 1 female and 1 male on 1 February 1961, 1 male on 23 Sep- tember 1961 and 2 females, 1 male and 2 nymphs on 24 September 1961. From Chiroderma salvini: Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), 1 male, 22 Sep- tember 1961. From Artibeus toltecus: Casa Lewis, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) , two collections of 1 female and 1 nymph and of 1 female on 5 February 1960, and of 1 male on 3 February 1960 ; Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro) , two col- lections of 1 female each, 20 September 1961. From Artibeus j. jamaicensis: Fort Kobbe (Canal Zone), numerous specimens, 13 October 1960, and 1 male and a nymph on 24 July 1959 ; Bocas del Toro Province, 4 collections of 1 male, of 6 females, of 1 female and of 2 females, 1 male and 1 nymph on 23 January 1960 ; other collections from the same area are 3 collections of several specimens on 24 January 1960, two collections totaling 5 specimens on 25 January 1960, 1 female on 26 January 1960, one to several specimens from single collections on 27, 28 and 30 January 1960 and 1 February 1960 ; Pena Point (Darien), female and nymph, 24 March 1960; Fort Clayton (Canal Zone), 3 females, 19 October 1960; Rio Seteganti (Darien), 8 col- lections of from 1 to 5 specimens each from 1 to 5 February 1961, and 2 collections of several specimens each on 17 and 20 September 1961. From Artibeus j, jamaicensis: Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), female, 2 males and nymph on 21 September 1961, 1 male and nymph on 22 September 1961 and 1 female on 23 September 1961. From Artibeus lituratus palmarum: Paraiso (Canal Zone) , male, 5 November 1959 ; Fort Sherman (Canal Zone) , male and nymph, 4 December 1959; Fort Clayton (Canal Zone), several, 19 October 1960; Bocas del Toro Province, male, 24 January 1960; Rio Seteganti (Darien) , 7 collections from 1 to 5 February 1961, each containing from one to several mites ; Juan Mina (Canal Zone) , female, 29 June 1961 ; from Cerro Hoya, one female, 21 February 1962. From Artibeus cinereus: Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro) , 4 collections, 18 to 24 September 1961, each containing from one to several mites ; from Cerro Hoya, one female, 12 Feb- ruary 1962. From Artibeus aztecus: Chiriqui Province, 2 collections of 1 female and 2 females, 2 March 1962. From Artibeus species : Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), several specimens, 24 September 1961. From Enchis- thenes harti: Cerro Hoya (Los Santos), 3 females, 5 males, 8 March 1962; from same locality, 4 collections of 1 to 3 mites each, 9 to 18 February 1962. From Desmodus rotundus murinus: Bocas del Toro Province, female and male, 23 January 1960, and 2 males, 25 January 1960; Cerro Punta (Chi- riqui), 2 females, 5 February 1960. Periglischrus aitkeni, new species. Plate 40. Periglischrus aitkeni resembles Periglischrus iheringi, from which fe- males may be distinguished in having the first pair of dorsal propodosomal setae well developed and inserted very near the bases of the second pair of propodosomal setae. Males differ in having a relatively short spermato- phoral process, less than 100 /x long, and in having the anterior, dorsal pro- podosomal setae displaced far laterad. 138 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 40, figs. 1, 2) : A large, typical number of the genus with idiosoma broadly rounded anteriorly and opisthosoma moderately flared. Idiosoma 1134 /* long by 594 /u, wide. Dorsum. Anterior plate approximately 310 /j long on mid-line by 275 fj. wide, with broadly rounded anteromedial projection, and pronounced shoulders; sides slightly con- cave anteriorly and slightly convex posteriorly; posterior margin truncate, slightly con- cave and joined to posterior plate by two submedian lobules; 11 pairs alveoli in pattern similar to that in Periglischrus iheringi. Posterior plate bluntly triangular, 130 ^ long by 190 /j. wide, widest anteriorly and terminating in broadly rounded posterior margin; bearing five pairs prominent alveoli, the posterior pair bearing microsetae. Propodosomal setae all moderately developed, second pair 45-50 /* long, others obviously shorter; ratio of distance between bases of first pair to that between first and second pairs approxi- mately 5:1. Unarmed opisthosoma with four pairs small setae. Postanal seta minute, subterminal. Venter. Sternal plate as broad as long, 146 n, outline that of broadly rounded penta- gon with narrowest angle anterior; three pairs small sternal setae located just off margins of plate; two pairs pores on plate, in some specimens serving as foci for invaginations of eroded plate margins. Epigynial platelet a small, narrow, longitudinal sclerite with membranous posterior enlargement; pair small genital setae located off plate anterior to posterior lobe. Pattern of sclerotized opisthosomal areas and opisthosomal setation as in P. tiptoni and P. iheringi, but anterior three pairs setae vestigial or absent and represented only by alveoli; other setae small. Anal plate as described for P. tiptoni, but adanal setae 33 n long, over twice as long as other opisthosomal setae. Legs. Well developed, stout; leg I 545 fj, long exclusive of ambulacrum. Posterior seta coxa II 195 n long, minutely barbed; posterior seta coxa III 39 /j. long, broadly blade- like; other coxal setae much smaller, acicular. Other ventral leg segments with mostly short, simple setae, usually with inapparent, minute barbs on longer setae; several pos- terior setae of legs III and IV expanded, blade-like. Longer dorsal setae minutely barbed. Dorsal surfaces of femora with a minute seta only on legs II and III. Gnathosoma. Distal hypostomal setae 22 /* long, about twice as long as gnathosomal pair. Inner and outer hypostomal setae apparently absent. Palpal tibia lacking pro- nounced medio-distal lobe; trochanter with blunt, ventral, flap-like emargination distally. Chelicerae normal for genus. MALE (pi. 40, figs. 3-5) : Idiosoma ovoid, widest at level of coxae II-III; 600-620 M long by 488-513 /j. wide. Legs stout, of moderate length. Dorsum. Shape of dorsal plates and alveolar pattern similar to those of Periglis- chrus iheringi; some of alveoli bearing microsetae as illustrated. Propodosomal setae well developed, setiform, measuring 49-55 n long; ratio distance between bases of first pair to that between first and second pairs approximately 5.5:1. Unarmed opisthosoma with pair of short (18 /j.) setae subterminally. Postanal seta minute, dorsoterminal. Venter. Sternal plate longer than wide, modified cordate with pronounced medial anterior projection and prominent shoulders; with five pairs well developed acicular setae, anterior-most of which extend to level of imaginary line projected between bases of second pair; pair of minute setae behind sternal plate. Anal plate large, elongate, occupying most of space between coxae IV, truncate anteriorly with sides constricted slightly just anterior to adanal setae; adanal setae inserted just anterior to anus; three other pairs subequal setae anteriorly on anal plate and three pairs bordering plate. Pair of subterminal accessory platelets bordering posterior end of anal plate. Legs. Well-developed, stout; leg I approximately 540 /* long exclusive of ambula- crum. Coxal setae all well developed, typically setiform; posterior seta of coxa II over twice as long as other coxal setae, approximately 165 /j. long; anterior seta of coxa III shortest, 30 /j. long. Other leg segments ventrally with short but strong simple setae; ventro-lateral setae of legs III and IV longer and minutely barbed; pair of short sub- terminal setae of tarsus II spine-like. Long dorsal setae minutely barbed and notched apically. Femur II with only one of dorsal setae minute; no minute setae on other femora. FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 139 Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae subequal, well developed, 28 PL long. Inner hypostomal setae absent ; outer hypostomals vestigial but alveoli easily observed. Palpi normal for genus. Spermatophoral process a strong tubular structure recurved in shallow hook distally, short for the genus, measuring approximately 80 /j, long in allotype. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female and allotype male (colln. no. T60) to- gether with 3 paratype females collected by T. H. G. Aitken from Sturnira lilium lilium, at the 15% mile mark on Churchill-Roosevelt Highway, Trini- dad, 17 June 1958. Other paratypes are as follows : 3 females from Sturnira lilium parvidens, at the Rio Mandinga (San Bias), V. J. Tipton, 27 May 1957 ; 5 females from Sturnira lilium, at Rancho Grande, Venezuela, C. O. Handley, 30 March 1960 ; 3 females and 1 protonymph from the same host, Los Santos Province, V. J. Tipton, 24 February 1962; one female from Sturnira ludovici, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), Republic of Panama, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 30 April 1961. Holotype, allotype and 3 female paratypes, in the United States National Museum; 2 paratypes (male and female) , Chicago Natural History Museum and Trinidad Virus Laboratory ; remaining material in the collection of the author. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED : From Sturnira lilium, Bocas del Toro Prov- ince, 1 female, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 23 January 1960; from Sturnira ludovici, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) , C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 1 male and 1 female deutonymph on 2 February 1960, 1 female, 1 male and 1 male deutonymph on 3 February 1960, 2 females on 3 February 1960, 1 male deutonymph on 3 February 1960, 1 male and 1 protonymph on 15 Feb- ruary 1960, 1 female, 1 May 1960, and 1 male on 1 May 1960 ; from the same host, Chiriqui Province, a male, male deutonymph and a protonymph, V. J. Tipton, 6 March 1962 ; from Sturnira species in Los Santos, 3 females and 2 protonymphs on 1 host specimen and 2 males on another specimen, V. J. Tipton, 6 March 1962; from Noctilio leporinus at Guanico (Los Santos), 5 females and 2 males, V. J. Tipton, 24 January 1962. REMARKS: Periglischrus aitkeni is a rather common parasite of phyl- lostomid bats of the genus Sturnira in Central America. In view of the usually rather restricted host range of Periglischrus, it was surprising to find several typical specimens of P. aitkeni from a single Noctilio leporinus, a fish-eating bat of the superfamily Emballonuroidea. This species is name in honor of Dr. T. H. G. Aitken, entomologist at the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory of the Rockefeller Foundation, who collected the type specimens and has provided many of the other collections upon which this study is based. Periglischrus desmodi, new species. Plate 41. Periglischrus desmodi is closely related to P. vargasi. Characters dis- tinguishing the female include the very widely spaced first pair of dorsal propodosomal setae, the characteristic shape of the sternal plate and the presence of only one minute basal seta on the dorsum of femur II instead of two. Characters distinguishing the male include long sternal plate setae, three pairs of dorsal opisthosomal setae and a pair of well-developed setae behind the sternal plate. 140 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 41, figs. 1, 2) : Idiosoma broadly rounded anteriorly, with opisthosoma slightly to moderately expanded; approximately 920 /u. long by 486 n wide; a moderately robust species with long setae. Dorsum. Anterior dorsal plate large, 297 /u long on mid-line, by 292 /j, wide; rounded apex projecting from broad anterior margin ; broad, relatively straight posterior margin at level of coxae IV, with two submedian rounded protuberances received by anterior margin of posterior plate; bearing nine pairs of prominent alveoli, three pairs of which bear minute setae. Posterior plate small, with anterior margin contacting anterior plate with two submedian emarginations to receive corresponding projections from anterior plate; broader than long with posterior margin broadly rounded; with eight pairs of alveoli, of which two pairs bear minute setae. Propodosomal margin with five pairs long, subequal setae of approximately 85 //; ratio of distance between first pair to that be- tween first and second pairs varies from 6.6:1 to 8.4:1. Opisthosoma with six pairs setae, of which the longest are anterior. Posterior tip of anus normally dorsal, bearing minute postanal seta. Venter. Sternal plate a modified pentagon longer than wide, with broad base, rounded sides and narrowly tapering anterior apex; three pairs of short setae may be off plate although on type first and third pair are included in plate; two pairs of pores on plate. Pair of short metasternal setae. Epigynial plate reduced, slender, long, slightly expanded anteriorly; pair of short genital setae located off plate, insertions spaced 10 n apart. Opisthosoma bearing three pairs small setae in two diverging rows behind epi- gynial plate; three pairs on median sclerotized area anterior to anal plate, two pairs anterior to this sclerotization, two pairs postero-lateral and one pair lateral to the sclero- tization. Sclerotized areas of opisthosoma as illustrated, similar to to those of P. iheringi. Anal plate ventro -terminal, elongate, narrow with pair adanal setae subequal to adjacent opisthosomal setae; canal-like structures extending anteriorly from adanal setal bases. Minute postanal seta dorsal. Legs. Relatively short, stout; leg I 476 ^ long exclusive of ambulacrum; coxal setae, with exception of posterior seta of II, short, nude and unmodified; posterior seta of II elongate and minutely barbed; most other ventral leg setae normal with larger setae minutely barbed ; legs I and particularly II with row of inflated, leaf-like setae very prom- inently serrated; femur, patella and tibia IV each with a slightly inflated, scimitar- shaped, postero- ventral seta; dorsal setae of legs strong, many elongate; of two basal setae on femur II the posterior one is of medium size and anterior one is small. Gnathosoma. Inner and outer hypostomal setae absent; pair distal hypostomal setae about twice as long as short gnathosomal pair; long paired hypostomal processes present. Palpi with five movable segments; tibia with moderately developed medial distal lobe. Chelicerae normal for genus. MALE (pi. 41, figs. 3-5) : Idiosoma ovoid, widest at level of coxae II III; 485 fj. long by 350 n wide. Opisthosoma rudimentary. Dorsum. Anterior and posterior dorsal plates similar to those of female in size, shape, surface markings and setation, although the posterior plate tends to have concave postero-lateral margins and the plates appear compressed together, rendering the line of separation indistinct; the two plates cover most of idiosoma. Propodosomal setae as in female but approximately 60-67 p long ; ratio of distance between alveoli of first pair to that between first and second pairs approximately 6:1. Three pairs small setae on narrow cuticular margin bordering postero-lateral edges of posterior dorsal plate; post- anal seta minute, terminal. Venter. Sternal plate modified cordate with elongate antero-median projection ter- minating at male genital opening; longer than wide; bearing five pairs well-developed setae ranging from 63 p. long anteriorly to 43 /j. for posterior pair. Pair of medium-sized setae 30 /* long posterior to plate. Five and occasionally six pairs setae up to 36 ft long located in space between coxae IV and anterior to anal plate. One pair setae lateral to anal plate and mesad of pair of small adanal platelets. Anal plate small, elongate, with indistinct anterior margins; pair of adanal setae about 20 n long anterior to anal open- ing, which is terminal. FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 141 Legs. Leg I 450 M long exclusive of caruncle. With exception of posterior seta of coxa II, coxal setae longer than in female although of same type; other ventral leg setae simple, acicular, small ; dorsal setae similar to those of female, but tarsus I bearing two long, specialized, blunt setae. Gnathosoma. Pair gnathosomal setae 18 //, long, acicular; outer hypostomal pair minute; distal hypostomal setae subequal to gnathosomal pair. Palpal tibia lacking medial lobe of female ; trochanter with distal flange-like lobe. Chelicerae with fixed digit well developed, bearing numerous sharp subterminal "teeth" on surface opposed to mov- able digit; latter slightly longer than fixed digit and bearing blunt-tipped teeth along inner surface; spermatophoral process a long tubular, recurved structure over 150 /j. in length. MALE DEUTONYMPH : Idiosoma shape similar to that of male, 497 /j. long by 362 /* wide. Dorsum. Similar to that of male. Venter. Sternal plate approximately diamond-shaped with corners rounded, bear- ing three pairs well-developed acicular setae; pair setae bordering postero-lateral margins of plate. Anal plate and remaining setae of venter as in male. Legs. As in male but lacking long, blunt-tipped setae on tarsus I. Gnathosoma. Similar to that of male, but chelicerae as in female. PROTONYMPH : A broadly elliptical mite with relatively short, very robust legs. Dorsum. Anterior and posterior plates similar in shape and sculpturing to those of female, but covering most of idiosoma. Propodosomal margin bearing four pairs long setae. Peritremes short, entirely dorsal, extending from level of posterior margin of coxae III, terminating posterior to insertion of fourth pair propodosomal setae. Pair of long metapodosomal setae inserted just mesad of stigmata as in adults. Venter. Sternal plate very lightly sclerotized, roughly diamond-shaped with rounded corners, bearing three pairs well-developed setae. Four pairs well-developed setae be- tween sternal plate and anal plate. Anal plate elongate, narrow with rounded anterior margin; pair of well-developed adanal setae on plate anterior to anal opening; postanal seta minute. Legs. Setation similar to that of male deutonymph. Gnathosoma. Similar to that of male deutonymph but palpi relatively short and stout. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype female (colln. no. T279) collected by T. H. G. Aitken from Desmodus rotundus rotundus at St. Patrick's Estate, Arima Valley, Trinidad, 16 May 1957. Allotype male (host. no. 9182) collected by V. J. Tipton from Desmodus rotundus at Guanico (Los Santos) , 27 January 1962. Four paratypes (1 female, 1 deutonymph and 2 protonymphs) same data as male allotype ; 1 paratype protonymph same data as holotype female ; 4 paratype females from (3) Desmodus rotundus, Chiriqui Province, V. J. Tipton, 6, 7, 11 March 1962; 1 paratype female from Desmodus rotundus murinus, Casa Tilley, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tip- ton, 6 February 1960; 14 paratypes (10 females, 3 males, 1 deutonymph) from Desmodus r. rotundus at Antilles (Kern Trinidad Oilfields Ltd.), La Brea, Trinidad, T. H. G. Aitken, 14 April 1958. Holotype, allotype, 3 male and 2 female as well as proto- and deutonymph paratypes in the United States National Museum ; 1 male, 2 female para- types, Chicago Natural History Museum ; 2 male, 2 female paratypes, Trini- dad Regional Virus Laboratory ; remaining material in the collection of the author. Many other specimens of this species from Trinidad are in the author's collection, all taken from Desmodus r. rotundus. 142 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Periglischrus caligus Kolenati. Plate 42. Periglischrus caligus Kolenati, 1857, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 1, (2), p. 60 Type deposition unknown (Brazil and Surinam, from Glossophaga soricina). Rudnick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 196. Periglischrus caligus bears a general resemblance to P. vargasi from which females may be separated by the presence of a strong medio-distal lobe on the palpal tibia ; females differ from all species of the genus in having broadly inflated, scimitar-shaped setae on the postero-ventral margins of legs IV. Males are characterized by their small size, short legs, simple leg setae, small sternal plate setae and position of the dorsal propodosomal setae. As pointed out by Rudnick ( 1960 ) , this species has been known only from Kolenati's (1857) original figures and description, which do not present valid characters for a specific diagnosis. Through the courtesy of Dr. Marc Andre, a female specimen was examined which had been identified as this species by Kolenati and deposited in the Museum National d'Histoire Natu- relle, Paris. This proved to be the same as numerous specimens collected recently from Glossophaga soricina leachii from Panama, and Glossophaga s. soricina from Trinidad. Since the location of the types of Periglischrus caligus is unknown, the female is redescribed and illustrated here and the male is described for the first time. DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 42, figs. 1, 2) : A large, broadly rounded mite with inflated opisthosoma and relatively short, stout, strongly setose legs. Idiosoma 890-1080 /* long by 640 /j. wide. Dorsum. Anterior plate approximately as wide as long, widest at level of posterior one-third, with broadly rounded anterior margin, slight shoulders and convex sides; posterior margin truncate, slightly concave and joined to posterior plate by two sub- median lobules; with 11 pairs alveoli arranged as illustrated. Posterior plate bluntly triangular, 98 n long by 146 n wide, bearing seven pairs of alveoli, the posterior pair con- taining microsetae. Propodosomal setae all long, measuring up to 70 /*; ratio of distance between bases of first setal pair to that between first and second pairs ranges from 1.2:1 to 1.4:1 based on five specimens. Unarmed opisthosoma with four small setae. Postanal seta minute, subterminal. Venter. Sternal plate longer (110 /*) than broad (82 /*), roughly pentagonal with tapering anterior margin terminating in narrowly rounded tip ; bearing two pairs pores ; three pairs small setae about 11 /u, long located off margin of plate; subequal pair meta- sternal setae postero-lateral to plate. Epigynial plate a small, narrowly longitudinal sclerotization between coxae IV, slightly constricted opposite insertion of very small pair of genital setae which are off the plate. Pattern of sclerotized opisthosomal areas, in- cluding anal plate, and opisthosomal setation as described for Periglischrus tiptoni ex- cept that the three pairs of minute anterior setae arranged in diverging rows are re- duced to two pairs of alveoli with no evident setae. Adanal pair of setae 18 /* long. Legs. Relatively short, stout, strongly setose. Leg I 350-370 ^ long exclusive of ambulacrum. Posterior seta of coxa II 91 fj, long, minutely barbed; other coxal setae all minute, simple and very fine. In addition to usual ventral setation legs I and II with strongly serrated, leaf-like setae on posterior margins ; similar setae on anterior margins of legs III and IV; femur, patella and tibia IV each with large, inflated, scimitar-like posterior seta. Dorsally long setae superficially appear nude but minute barbs present; femur and patella II each with two minute to small basal setae plus two long setae. Gnathosoma. Distal hypostomal setae about one-third longer than short setiform gnathosomal pair; inner hypostomal setae absent, outer pair vestigial with only alveoli FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 143 visible. Palpal tibia with prominent medio-distal lobe; trochanter with flap-like emar- gination extending from ventral medial sclerotization which is normally adpressed to other mouthparts. Chelicerae normal. MALE (pi. 42, figs. 3, 4) : A relatively small, ovoid mite with short, stout legs radially arranged. Idiosoma 377 /u long by 297 /u. wide. Dorsum. Shape of dorsal plates and alveolar pattern similar to that of Periglischrus vargasi. Anterior plate 198 n long by 230 /* wide. Posterior plate 104 /j. long by 135 /u. wide. Propodosomal setae all well developed, setiform, measuring up to 38 /* long; ratio distance between bases of first pair to that between bases of first and second pairs ap- proximately 2.8:1. Unarmed opisthosoma with pair of short setae subterminally. Post- anal seta minute, dorso-terminal. Venter. Sternal plate longer (159 M) than broad (147 M) . general shape as in P. var- gasi but postero-lateral margins concave ; with usual five pairs setae of which the longer ones, anteriorly, measure approximately 24 /j. and reach about halfway to imaginary line drawn between second pair. Pair of minute setae behind sternal plate. Anal plate, accessory posterior platelets and opisthosomal setae between coxae IV as in P. vargasi. Legs. Short, stout, radially arranged; leg I approximately 380 n long exclusive of ambulacrum. Coxal setae normal, setiform; posterior seta of coxa II longest (50 M), about one and one-half times as long as anterior seta of II ; proximal seta of coxa I shortest of coxal setae (12 /*). Other leg segments ventrally with short, simple setae except for usual long tarsal trichobothria. Dorsal setae simple, setiform, superficially nude, but longer ones with minute barbs; in addition to other setae femora I and II bear two small setae, III and IV each bear one minute and one small seta. Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae subequal, acicular, about as long as distance between bases of the hypostomal pair; inner hypostomal setae absent, outer hypostomal pair of setae minute. Pair of hypostomal processes long, slightly sinuous, stylet-like structures with membranous inner borders. Chelicerae normal, with spermatophoral process recurved, approximately 150 /JL long. MATERIAL EXAMINED: Plesiotype female and male (host no. 9840) were collected from Glossophaga soricina at Los Santos Province, by V. J. Tipton, 10 February 1962 ; 2 additional males, same collection as plesiotype. Two females collected in the Canal Zone by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton from Glossophaga soricina leachii at Empire Range, 30 September 1959, and at Coco Solo, 20 October 1959, respectively. In addition several collections identified as this species are recorded here from Trinidad, taken from Glossophaga soricina soricina. The plesiotype male and female are in the United States National Museum; 2 females, Chicago Natural History Mu- seum ; 1 female, Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory ; remaining specimens in the collection of the author. Periglischrus vargasi Hoffmann Periglischrus vargasi Hoffmann, 1944, Rev. Salub. y Enferm. Trop., Mexico, 5, (2), p. 91 Institute de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. (Yerbabuena, Guerrero, Mexico from Leptonycteris nivalis yerbabuenae) . Rud- nick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 199, pi. 31. Specimens identified as this species from Panama agree closely with the redescription given by Rudnick (1960). All females seen, including forms from the type host from Mexico, differ from figures given by both Rudnick (loc. cit.) and Hoffmann (1944) in one respect: femur, genu and tibia IV each has a relatively long (45 ^), stout, postero-ventral seta with an attenu- ated, recurved tip ; these setae differ from comparable setae in Periglischrus caligus in that they are not inflated. 144 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA The following characters suffice to diagnose Periglischrus vargasi fe- males : Large, stout mites approximately 1 mm. long of typical appearance for the genus. Palpal tibia lacking medio-distal lobe. All dorsal propodo- somal setae well developed, the longest from 70-80 /* long. Ratio of distance between bases of first pair of dorsal propodosomal setae to that between bases of first and second pairs ranges from 1.1-1.5 :1. Six pairs medium to large dorsal opisthosomal setae. Sternal plate longer than wide, broadly jug-shaped. Posterior seta of coxa III small. Two minute dorsal setae on femur II. The male of P. vargasi resembles closely that of Periglischrus iheringi from which it differs in possessing two minute dorsal setae on femur II and in the relatively small size of the posterior seta of coxa III, which is only 1.7 times as large as the anterior seta. The spermatophoral process, approximately 110 n long, is considerably shorter than those measured for P. iheringi. MATERIAL EXAMINED i From Trachops cirrhosus taken at Los Santos Prov- ince, 1 female collected by V. J. Tipton, 14 February 1962. From Anoura geoffroyi, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 1 male, 1 February 1960, and 1 female, 1 male and a protonymph, 3 February 1960 ; from 2 specimens, the same host, Cerro Hoya (Los Santos) , V. J. Tipton, 11 February 1960, 7 females, 2 males and 1 protonymph. From Anoura cul- trata, Chiriqui, 1 male, V. J. Tipton, 12 March 1962 ; Rio Changena Camp, 1 male and 1 female, V. J. Tipton, 27 September 1961. Previously recorded collections of Periglischrus vargasi have been made from Texas on the north to Guatemala on the south. In addition to the Pana- manian collections recorded here, numerous specimens have been taken from Trinidad bats, to be reported in detail in a subsequent paper, and several specimens have been taken from Venezuela. For purposes of record the latter are included here. From (2) Anoura cultrata (?), Rancho Grande, Venezuela, 2 females, 2 males and 1 protonymph, C. 0. Handley, 30 March 1960 ; from Anoura caudifera at the same locality, 1 female, C. O. Handley, 20 March 1960. Periglischrus tiptoni, new species. Plates 43, 44. DIAGNOSIS : The female is distinguishable from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: broadly jug-shaped sternal plate; five well-developed, although small, dorsal propodosomal setae, the first pair of which are very widely spaced ; palpal tibia with a pronounced apical, median lobe ; leg II with only one minute dorsal seta on femur in addi- tion to large setae. It is closely related to Periglischrus micronycteridis n. sp., from which it is distinguished by the shape of the sternal plate, longer anterior legs and well-developed posterior seta on coxa III, as well as by host association. Males are characterized by coarsely barbed dorsal seta on tarsi III and IV and by a pair of subapical, flattened, peg-like setae ventrally on tarsi III and IV. They are similar to males of P. inflatiseta but lack blunt, fusiform setae ventrally on legs I and II, and no ventral setae between coxae IV are inflated. DESCRIPTION; FEMALE (pi. 43, figs. 1, 2) : A robust typical member of the genus with FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 145 idiosoma broadly rounded anteriorly and opisthosoma broadly flared in fan shape. Idio- soma 1080 ^ long by 810 p wide. An occasional unfed, teneral female has a much reduced, unexpanded opisthosoma. Dorsum. Overall outline of two dorsal plates ovate with anterior three-fourths con- sisting of the broad anterior plate; anterior plate 324 /u long by 275 /* wide; plates con- nected by two submedian lobes. Nine pairs alveoli on anterior plate, eight pairs on posterior plate ; pair of minute setae arising from penultimate alveoli of posterior plate. Five pairs of propodosomal setae all well developed although relatively short, the longest about 45 fj. long; insertions of first pair very close to those of second pair: ratio of dis- tance between bases of first pair to that between first and second pair varies from 4.4:1 to 7:1. Peritremes extend just anterior to level of second pair propodosomal setae. Un- armed opisthosoma with four pairs of small setae. Posterior tip of anal plate extending dorsally and bearing minute postanal seta. Venter. Sternal plate longer (159 //,) than wide (120 /*) , broadly jug-shaped with short, narrow, anterior neck and broad posterior base ; with two pairs pores ; three pairs short (20 /j.) sternal setae just off margins of plate. Pair of metasternal setae subequal to sternals. Epigynial platelet a small longitudinal structure partially divided on antero- median line, bearing two minute setae subterminally on slightly inflated posterior lobe of platelet. Pattern of sclerotized opisthosomal areas similar to those of Periglischrus iheringi. Opisthosomal setae small : three pairs minute setae arranged in diverging rows behind epigynial platelet, followed by a pair anterolateral and two pairs lateral to postero- median, ventro-anal sclerotization, two pairs on anterior part of the latter plate and two pairs lateral to anal plate proper; anal plate proper, ventroterminal, narrowly elongate, and apparently tenuously connected to more anteriorly located, posteromedian sclerotiza- tion; pair of short adanal setae terminal on opisthosoma. Adanal setae and two pairs setae lateral to anal plate with canal-like structures 1 extending anteriorly from alveoli. Legs. Well developed, stout; leg I 512 /* long exclusive of ambulacrum. Coxal setae, with exception of long, minutely barbed, posterior seta of II, acicular, nude; posterior seta of III relatively large. Ventral setation of other segments characteristic of species; posterior margins of legs I, II and IV and anterior margins of legs III and IV with long, minutely barbed setae, none markedly inflated ; tibia and tarsus of leg I and patella and tibia of II each with posterodistal, inflated, recurved seta superficially appearing as a blunt, ragged cone. Dorsally most long setae inserted near distal margin of segments, minutely barbed; femoral setae normal with only anterobasal one on femur II minute and two on femur III small. Gnathosoma. Inner and outer hypostomal setae absent; distal hypostomal pair slightly longer than very small pair of gnathosomal setae. Palpal tibia with pronounced medio-distal lobe; trochanter with blunt, ventral, flap-like emargination distally. Cheli- cerae normal for genus. MALE (pi. 43, figs. 3, 4) : Idiosoma ovoid, widest at level of coxae II-III; 530 /* long by 405 /j. wide. Opisthosoma rudimentary. Legs long. Dorsum. Shape of dorsal plates similar to those of Periglischrus vargasi; anterior plate as long on mid-line as broad, 351 /*; posterior plate 162 //, long by 222 ^ wide; anterior plate with 12 pairs of alveoli; posterior plate with nine pairs alveoli; microsetae visible in two pairs alveoli of posterior plate and possibly present in some of those on anterior plate. Propodosomal setae relatively short, measuring 39 /* long or less ; ratio of distance between first pair of setal bases to that between first and second pairs approximately 3.5:1. Unarmed opisthosoma bearing one pair small posterior setae in addition to sub- equal postanal seta. Venter. Sternal plate longer than wide, modified cordate with pronounced medial anterior projection and prominent shoulders; with five pairs long, strong setae and two pairs submedian pores; two additional pairs of lateral marginal pits. Pair of minute setae behind sternal plate. Six pairs well-developed setae in addition to slightly smaller adanal pair in space between coxae IV; three pairs bordering anal plate (two pairs of these may occur on plate), one pair between anal plate and pair of small adanal plate- lets, two pairs on anterior half of anal plate; adanal setae border anterior margin anal 146 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA opening. Anal plate elongate, broadly rounded anteriorly, broadest at mid-level and with concave posterolateral margins, ending bluntly at anterior margin of anal opening. Legs. Leg I of allotype 600 fj, long exclusive of ambulacrum, up to 670 /j. in some paratypes. Coxae with relatively long setae; posterior seta of coxa II 81 p long, less than one and one-half times as long as posterior seta of coxa III. Ventral leg setae tend to be flattened and tooth-like; tarsus I and tibia and tarsus II each with a broad, serrated, blunt seta; tarsi III and IV each with pair of subapical flattened peg-like setae. Dorsal setae strong, with longer setae coarsely barbed and several of shorter setae serrate ; one minute seta on femur II, III and IV; tarsi III and IV with strong, coarsely barbed setae. Gnathosoma. Gnathosomal and distal hypostomal setae subequal, 27 /u, long; outer hypostomal setae minute; inner hypostomals absent. Palpal tibia without medio-distal lobe; femur with prominent serrated lateral seta. Chelicerae normal for genus, each with very elongate (over 170 n) , recurved, tubular, spermatophoral process terminating in two minute fimbriae. FEMALE DEUTONYMPH (pi. 44, figs. 1, 2) : Very similar to adult male, from which it differs as follows : Idiosoma 650 fj. long. Unarmed dorsal opisthosoma with five pairs small (approximately 10 /u, long) marginal setae in addition to small postanal seta. Sternal plate a rounded diamond shape, longer than wide, bearing three pairs well- developed setae and two pairs pores; pair of setae subequal to sternals located off pos- terolateral margins of plate; slightly smaller pair just posterior to plate, followed by pair of very small setae. Eleven additional pairs well-developed setae on unarmed ventral integument between coxae IV. Anal plate terminal, pear-shaped with broad end pos- terior ; adanal setae well developed, anterior to anal opening which is on posterior tip of body. Chelicerae as in female. Tarsi of legs I lack the two long, blunt-tipped sensory setae observed in adult males. MALE DEUTONYMPH (pi. 44, figs. 3, 4) : Similar to female deutonymph, from which it differs in having only one pair small setae on the unarmed margin of dorsal posterior opisthosoma, and in posssessing only six pairs of setae on the unarmed ventral integu- ment between coxae IV. PROTONYMPH (pi. 44, figs. 5, 6) : Similar in general appearance, size and body shape to deutonymphs, from which it is immediately distinguishable by short dorsal peritremes extending from level between coxae III-IV to just beyond posterior margin of coxa II. Propodosoma possessing only four pairs relatively short marginal setae, ranging from 24-30 n long. In other respects dorsum as in male deutonymph. Venter as in male deutonymph from which it differs as follows : Lacking pair of well- developed setae posterolateral to sternal plate and pair just posterior to plate; small pair of setae behind sternal plate somewhat larger than in deutonymph and located in region between coxae IV; total of four pairs setae arising from unarmed cuticula in area between coxae IV. Gnathosoma and legs as in deutonymphs. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotyps female and allotype male (host no. 43065) collected by V. J. Tipton from Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis at Panama City (Panama), June 1961. Paratype series, all, unless noted, collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton : female, female deutonymph and male from Phyllostomus h. panamensis at Chepo Road (Panama), 8 October 1959; male deutonymph, same host, Fort Kobbe (Canal Zone), 9 October 1959; female, same host, Chilibrillo Caves (Panama), 28 October 1959; 3 females, same collection data as preceding, but 17 July 1959; 1 female, same host, Chilibrillo River (Panama), 27 August 1957; 8 females and 1 male same host, Fort Sherman (Canal Zone), 30 July 1959; 1 male, same host, Bocas del Toro, 22 January 1960 ; 4 males, 1 female, 2 deutonymphs and 3 proto- nymphs, from Phyllostomus h. hastatus, Heights of Guanapo, Trinidad, T. H. G. Aitken, 11 July 1957 ; 2 females, 1 male, 1 deutonymph and 2 proto- nymphs, same host and locality, W. G. Downs, 7 November 1956. FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 147 Holotype, allotype, 3 male, 2 female, 1 protonymph, 1 male and 1 female deutonymph paratypes in the United States National Museum ; 2 paratypes (male and female) each in Chicago Natural History Museum and Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory; remaining material in the collection of the author. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED : Several collections from Phyllostomus d. discolor taken in Trinidad. From Trachops cirrhosus taken in Panama : Fort Sherman (Canal Zone), 1 female, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 23 November 1959; Los Santos, V. J. Tipton, 2 females, 1 male, on 10 February 1962, 1 male from collection of 2 bats on 11 February 1962, 4 females, 2 males and 4 protonymphs from 7 bats on 14 February 1962, 6 fe- males, 7 males, 5 male deutonymphs, 3 protonymphs from 4 bats on 21 Feb- ruary 1962. A single collection of 1 female from Trachops cirrhosus in Trinidad. A single collection of 1 female and a protonymph from Myotis chiloensis, Chiriqui Province, V. J. Tipton, 6 March 1962. Two collections of this mite have been seen from Colombia, from Phyllostomus hastatus (CNHM no. 88066) taken at La Macarena, Rio Guapaya by Kjell von Snei- dern, 14 March 1957, and from Phyllostomus elongatus (CNHM no. 88063) at Los Micos, San Juan de Arama, 21 February 1957, by the same collector. REMARKS: Periglischrus tiptoni is a common parasite of bats of the genera Phyllostomus and Trachops in Panama and Trinidad, where it is often found in association with another new species, Periglischrus inflatiseta. It is named in honor of Lt. Col. Vernon J. Tipton, United States Army, who collected many of the spinturnicids recorded in this work. Periglischrus micronycteridis, new species. Plate 45. Periglischrus micronycteridis is closely related to P. tiptoni, both species occurring on genera of Phyllostominae, although never encountered on the same genera. P. micronycteridis is a smaller species with stubby legs; female with the posterior seta of coxa III very small, the dorsal anterobasal seta of femur I very small to minute, and the sternal plate of engorged speci- mens roughly tongued-shaped. Males of P. micronycteridis differ from P. tiptoni in smaller size, short legs and lack of coarsely barbed, dorsal leg setae. DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 45, figs. 1, 2) : Gravid specimens broadly rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, with opisthosoma expanded; idiosoma approximately 970 /JL long by 756 /a wide. Legs relatively short and stout. Dorsum. Dorsal plate similar to that of Periglischrus tiptoni, but anterior plate as broad as long (245 /*) ; posterior plate 108 n long by 155 n wide. Propodosomal setae 19-24 p. long, second pair longer than first pair; ratio of distance between bases of first pair to that between first and second pair varies from 4.6:1-7.8:1. Peritremes extend just anterior to level of second pair propodosomal setae. Unarmed opisthosoma with four pairs small setae. Posterior tip of anal plate extends dorsally, with minute post- anal seta. Venter. Sternal plate longer (126 /x) than wide (87 n) ; in engorged type specimen, plate narrowly tongue-like with eroded margins; three pairs small setae approximately 12 /j. long located just off sclerotized margins of plate; two pairs circular pores on plate; very faint hyaline border extending beyond sclerotized margins includes bases first two pairs setae; in unengorged specimen sternal plate appears uniformly dense throughout area encompassed by hyaline border and sclerotized central area of engorged specimens. Pair metasternal setae subequal to sternals, posterolateral to sternal plate. Epigynial 148 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA platelet small, elongate, between coxae IV; preceded anteriorly by small, fan-shaped cuticular pattern; two minute setae lateral to platelet. Pattern of sclerotized opistho- somal areas similar to that of Periglischrus tiptoni on fed specimens; not visible in un- engorged specimen. Opisthosomal setae as in P. tiptoni. Anal plate ventroterminal, elongate, widest posteriorly; adanal setae subequal to nearby ventral setae, 21 n long, subterminal, arising anterior to anal opening which is terminal. Canal-like structures from adanal setae as in P. tiptoni. Legs. Short, stout; leg I exclusive of caruncles 350 /* long on type, ranging from 340-370 ju long on six representative specimens ; posterior seta coxa II strong, minutely barbed, 110 /u long; others delicate and small; of latter, anterior seta of coxa III usually longest, 24 //; ventral and dorsal setation of other segments similar to that in P. tiptoni, but with somewhat shorter setae and with dorsal, anterobasal seta of femur I very small OM). Gnathosoma. As described for P. tiptoni but with medial lobe of palpal tibia less pronounced. MALE (pi. 45, figs. 3, 4) : A small mite for the genus, with stubby legs. Idiosoma ovoid, widest at level of coxae II-III; 421 /* long by 335 /* wide. Dorsum. Shape and alveolar pattern of dorsal plates as in Periglischrus tiptoni; anterior plate 237 /n long on mid-line by 255 /* wide; posterior plate 128 /* long by 160 ^ wide ; plates covering most of idiosoma. Propodosomal setae relatively short, measuring 38 /JL or slightly less in allotype; ratio of distance between first pair setal bases to that between first and second pairs approximately 4.7:1. Unarmed opisthosoma bearing one pair small posterolateral setae in addition to smaller postanal seta. Peritremes normal for genus, extending almost to bases of second pair propodosomal setae. Venter. Sternal plate similar to that of P. tiptoni but setae relatively shorter, not overlapping bases of more posteriorly located setae of plate. Pair of reduced but not minute setae, 12 /* long, behind sternal plate. Six larger pairs setae in addition to sub- equal adanal pair in space between coxae IV ; anal plate and setal pattern as in P. tiptoni. Legs. Relatively short; leg I 394 fj. long exclusive of ambulacrum. Posterior seta of coxa II long (110 /*), minutely fimbriated, three times as long as next longest coxal setae, which are acicular. Ventral setae of other segments mostly relatively short and acicular; tarsi I and II each with one and III and IV each with three short, sharp, spini- form setae. Dorsal setae of legs with longer setae very minutely barbed, superficially appearing nude; shorter setae nude, or at most some minutely barbed; femora II, III and IV each with one minute seta in addition to larger setae. Gnathosoma. As described for P. tiptoni except that gnathosomal and distal hypo- stomal setae lengths are 16 ^ and the lateral seta of palpal tibia is nude. FEMALE DEUTONYMPH : Very similar to female deutonymph of P. tiptoni from which it differs as follows: a smaller mite with idiosoma approximately 430 ^ long; legs short, stubby; leg I 430 n long exclusive of ambulacrum; leg setae essentially nude, some with very minute barbs; posterior seta of coxa II relatively long (100 /j.). TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female (host no. 7959) and 5 paratype females collected by R. L. Wenzel and C. M. Keenan from Micronycteris megalotis microtis near Borinquen Highway (Canal Zone) , 24 October 1961. Allotype male (host no. 10010) with 2 male, 1 female and 1 female deutonymph para- types collected by V. J. Tipton from Micronycteris minuta, Guanico (Los Santos) , 24 February 1962. Other paratypes from Micronycteris megalotis microtis: 5 females, Borinquen Highway (Canal Zone), 24 October 1961 and 2 females, Cocoli (Canal Zone) , 24 October 1961, R. L. Wenzel and C. M. Keenan ; 4 females, Chiriqui Province, 6 March 1962, V. J. Tipton ; 6 females, same data but 2 March 1962. Paratypes from Trinidad from Micronycteris m. megalotis: 7 females, Cocorite, West Port-of-Spain, 24 June 1958, and 9 females, Quinam Road, Siparia, 13 March 1959, T. H. G. Aitken. FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 149 Holotype, allotype, and 4 female paratypes in the United States National Museum ; 2 female paratypes, Chicago Natural History Museum ; 3 female paratypes, Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory ; remaining material in the collection of the author. A single male from Micronycteris megalotis microtis, Barro Colorado Island (Canal Zone) , collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 12 January 1960, is doubtfully identified as P. micronycteridis. It appears abnormal in several minor characteristics. REMARKS : P. micronycteridis specimens from different hosts and of dif- ferent degrees of engorgement exhibit minor differences in morphology which are interpreted as intraspecific variation. Specimens from Trinidad bats have a short fine seta on the anterior margin of coxa III as well as II, while on all other specimens these are represented by longer, delicate setae. The single female associated with males is an unfed specimen with unex- panded idiosoma. On it, the characteristic shape of the sternal plate seen in engorged females appears quite different, with convex lateral margins in- stead of the roughly tongue-shaped structure illustrated here. However, in engorged specimens an almost transparent marginal area of the plate ap- pears to represent the actual margins as seen in the unfed specimen. Periglischrus species A single female specimen designated species "D" represents a possible new species related to Periglischrus desmodi. It was collected by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton from Pteronotus parnellii fuscus, Bocas del Toro Province, 1 February 1960. According to Goodwin and Greenhall (1961), this host is known to roost in caves with Desmodus rotundus, the common host of Periglischrus desmodi. It seems probable that the single specimen of species "D" recorded here may represent a slightly atypical specimen of Periglischrus desmodi which strayed from its normal host. It differs from typical P. desmodi in having shorter dorsal propodosomal setae measuring up to 51 IJL long ; in having shorter dorsal opisthosomal setae, and in having the scimitar-shaped posterior setae of leg IV inflated as in Periglischrus caligus. A collection of two females, three males and three nymphs is designated as an undetermined Periglischrus species "K." It was taken from Loncho- phylla robusta at Chilibrillo Caves (Panama) by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 20 August 1959. Species "K" probably represents a new species closely related to P. desmodi, but it is left undescribed here pending collec- tion of additional specimens to settle the question of intraspecific variation. Females differ from P. desmodi in having a more angular sternal plate, shorter dorsal propodosomal setae and inflated, scimitar-like posteroventral setae on leg IV. Males possess only one pair of dorsal opisthosomal setae, shorter sternal plate setae and a small idiosoma about 378 ^ long. A single female designated species "G" was taken from Macrophyllum macrophyllum at natural bridge, Madden Dam (Canal Zone), by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 31 July 1959. This undoubtedly will prove to be a new species, but since there is only a single, damaged specimen at hand, its 150 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA description awaits further collection. In the key it comes out at couplet 5, but fits neither half of the couplet. Its outstanding characteristic is the possession of an expanded, pilidiform seta on the anterior margin of coxa III, a character possessed by no described species of the genus. Genus Spinturnix von Heyden Spinturnix von Heyden, 1826, Isis (Oken), 18, (6), p. 612. Rudnick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2) p. 200. Type-species: Pteroptus myoti Kolenati, 1856, designated by Opinion 128 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1936). Spinturnix species differ from all other genera of the family in that the peritremes are short, dorsal over coxae III, with the anterior end bending ventrad, usually reaching the ventral surface between coxae II and III. They have a single dorsal plate. The tritosternum may be present or absent. Legs I and claws of female are not unusually enlarged ; caruncles are large. All males seen by the author lack the two long, bluntly-tipped setae of tarsus I characteristic of Periglischrus. The various instars of immature Spinturnix species seen by the author may be determined as follows : The female deutonymph lacks the epigynial plate but has dorsal opisthosomal setation similar to that of the adult female. The male deutonymph resembles the female deutonymph but has dorsal opisthosomal setation similar to that of the adult male. The protonymph has stigmata smaller in diameter than the width of the peritremes, in contrast to subsequent instars, and has fewer ventral setae between the sternal and anal plates than in deutonymphs. Spinturnix americanus (Banks) Pteroptus americanus Banks, 1902, Can. Ent., 34, (7), p. 173, fig. 6 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard (Type locality a cave in Indiana, from "bat," probably Myotis lucifugus lucifugus). Spinturnix americanus Banks, 1915, Kept. U.S. Dept. Agric., no. 108, p. 72, figs. 137, 138. Rudnick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 218, pis. 39, 40. Spinturnix carloshoffmanni Hoffmann, 1944, Ann. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Mexico, 15, (1), p. 185, figs. 1-5 United States National Museum, Washington (Cerro del Xitle, Tlalpan, Mexico, D.F., from Natalus mexicanus mexicanus). Rudnick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 222. New synonymy. DIAGNOSIS : General appearance typical of genus. Tritosternum present, but small. Unarmed opisthosoma of female with 10-25 long dorsal, dorso- terminal and ventroterminal setae, those near posterior body margin longer than others. Legs of both sexes with ventral and ventrolateral setae mostly short ; the pair of proximal dorsal setae of femora I and II are tiny and the proximal dorsal seta on each of femur III and IV is tiny. Males with two pairs of long opisthosomal setae on unarmed cuticula near posterior apex of dorsal shield. PANAMANIAN MATERIAL EXAMINED : From Myotis n. nigricans the follow- ing collections were made by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton. Fort Davis (Canal Zone), 1 female, 7 January 1960; Fort Clayton (Canal Zone), 1 fe- male, 30 January 1960; and 6 females, 13 September 1960; Gamboa (Canal FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 151 Zone), 1 female, 1 female deutonymph and 2 protonymphs, 23 September 1960; Frijoles (Canal Zone), 2 females, 2 males, 28 March 1960; Barro Colorado Island (Canal Zone), 28 females, 20 males, 2 female deutonymphs, 2 male deutonymphs, 2 protonymphs, 12 June 1960; Bocas del Toro Prov- ince, 1 female, 23 January 1960; Juan Mina (Canal Zone), 11 females, 2 males, 1 female deutonymph, 1 male deutonymph, 2 protonymphs, 28 July 1960; cave at Finca Lara (Chiriqui), two collections of 1 male and of 1 female deutonymph, 3 May 1961. From Myotis n. nigricans or Myotis chiloensis at cave, Finca Lara (Chiriqui), 35 male, 2 female deutonymphs, 6 male deutonymphs, 28 protonymphs, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 5 May 1961. From Myotis n. nigricans in Chiriqui Province, 1 male and 2 proto- nymphs, V. J. Tipton, 7 March 1962. From Myotis albescens in Bocas del Toro Province, 1 male, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 25 February 1960. From Myotis chiloensis, Chiriqui Province, 1 male, 2 male deutonymphs, 6 protonymphs, V. J. Tipton, 7 March 1962. From Myotis simus at Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), 1 male, V. J. Tipton, 3 May 1960; 1 male, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 3 May 1961 ; and 1 male, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 5 May 1961. REMARKS : Panamanian specimens of Spinturnix americanus show con- siderable variation in characters previously used to differentiate S. ameri- canus and S. carloshoffmanni. The majority, which I designate as popula- tion "B", lacks a long posterolateral seta on tibia III and IV but has such a seta on patella III and IV. Associated with this is the presence of 10-12 long, subterminal and dorsal setae on the opisthosoma. Others, designated as population "A", have a long posterolateral seta on patella and tibia IV and on patella III associated with the presence of 18-24 long, subterminal and dorsal setae on the opisthosoma. Populations of both kinds occur on the same host species and in one collection both kinds were found on the same host specimen. Rudnick (1960) also noted variation in the above characteristics. In view of the demonstrated variability of the criteria used for distinction of S. americanus and S. carloshoffmanni and the presence of such variation in series from a single host the latter species is considered a synonym. Spinturnix subacuminatus, new species. Plate 46. This species belongs to group III of Rudnick (1960), characterized by long lateroventral leg setae and lack of tiny dorsal setae on femora. It is re- lated to Spinturnix acuminatus (C. L. Koch), from which females differ in possessing 28-33 dorsal opisthosomal setae, of which the posterior 6-9 are much the largest, by a broadly pentagonal tritosternum and by relatively well-developed ventral idiosomal setae. Males differ from S. acuminatus in possessing only one pair of dorsal opisthosomal setae, a tritosternum with a straight posterior border and well rounded anterior margin, and ventral idiosomal setae relatively well developed. DESCRIPTION, FEMALE (pi. 46, figs. 1, 2) : Idiosoma ovoid, approximately 1000 n long by 730 n wide. Dorsum. Dorsal plate ovoid, 570 n long by 405 /u. wide; with 11 pairs dorsal alveoli, 152 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA some bearing minute setae ; several irregular pore-like structures near posterior margin. Five pairs moderately long propodosomal setae surrounding dorsal plate anterior to peritremes, and spaced increasingly far apart proceeding postariorly. Peritremes dorsal over coxae III, bending ventrad between coxae II and III. Metapodosomal setae sub- equal to propodosomals, inserted medial to posterior borders of stigmata. Twenty-eight to 33 opisthosomal setae of which subterminal six to nine are much larger ; others sub- equal to propodosomal setae. Venter. Tritosternum roughly pentagonal, broader than long, with posterior margin broadly V-shaped. Sternal plate broadly jug-shaped, about as broad as long, broadly rounded posteriorly, with lateral margins converging anterior to second pair of setae; anterior margin bluntly rounded; three pairs setae approximately 36 n long, partially imbedded on plate margins ; surface of plate lightly reticulated ; two pairs of pores. Pair metasternal setae on unarmed cuticula posterolaterad of sternal plate, subequal to sternals. Epigynial plate small; broadly rounded subcircular anterior portion lightly sclerotized; posterior lobe narrowly rectangular, with pair genital setae on posterior margin subequal to sternals. Pair small sclerotized bars lateral to epigynial plate. Twenty to 22 small ventral setae between epigynial and anal plates; submedian anterior pair minute. Anal plate small, subterminal, incompletely ovoid, longer than wide, with anterior heavily sclerotized arc bearing pair adanal setae at lateral ends of arc ; postanal seta 18 fj. long, subequal to adanals. Legs. Lateroventral setae mostly long; other ventral setae mostly medium length with few short setae. Dorsal setae mostly very long. No minute dorsal setae on femora. Posterior seta of coxa II 215 n long, over two and one-half times longer than other coxal setae. Gnathosoma. Tectum a short rounded lobe. Gnathosomal setae slightly larger than distal hypostomal pair; other hypostomal setae lacking. Palpal tarsus with inner basal, blunt, stout, prominent spine. Chelicerae normal for genus. MALE (pi. 46, figs. 3, 4) : Idiosoma ovoid, 853 /* long by 641 /* wide. Dorsum. Similar to female with following differences : metapodosomal setae well posterior to stigmata, and only one pair posteriorly placed opisthosomal setae on unarmed integument; dorsal plate 730 /JL long by 459 ^ wide, lacking irregular pore-like structures near posterior margin. Venter. Tritosternum a lightly sclerotized small platelet with straight posterior margin and broadly rounded anterolateral margins, broader than long. Sternal plate lightly sclerotized, with reticular surface pattern; longer than wide, widest at level of second pair setae, tapering to width of genital opening anteriorly, and to rounded ex- tremity posteriorly, with three pairs small marginal setae. Metasternal setae laterad of posterior tip of sternal plate. Pair small sclerotized, submedian bars posterior to sternal plate. Five pairs small, simple setae between posterior tip of sternal plate and anal plate. Anal plate similar to that of female. Legs. As in female. Gnathosoma. As described for female but with spermatophoral process a stout, re- curved tubular structure approximately 96 ^ long, tapered to blunt tip; basal spine of palpal tarsus very blunt and broad throughout. TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype female (host no. 5536) fromRhogeessatumida, taken in Bocas del Toro Province, by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 9 Feb- ruary 1960. Allotype male (host no. 3925) from R. tumida, Fort Kobbe Beach (Canal Zone), C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 27 July 1959. Para- types as follows: 9 females, 6 males, 3 deutonymphs and 2 protonymphs, same data as allotype ; 3 females, 4 males and 1 deutonymph, same data as allotype but collected 16 November 1959. Holotype, allotype, and 2 para- types, male and female, in the United States National Museum ; 2 paratypes, male and female, Chicago Natural History Museum ; remaining material in the collection of the author. FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES 153 Spinturnix species A single female specimen from Myotis n. nigricans taken by C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton at Building 519, Fort Clayton (Canal Zone) , 22 May 1961. It closely resembles Spinturnix subacuminatus , but is distinguished by a broadly rounded sternal plate which is wider than long, by the apparent ab- sence of a tritosternum, and by other minor differences. It probably repre- sents a new species, but its description awaits collection of further material. Genus Paraspinturnix Rudnick Paraspinturnix Rudnick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), p. 231. Type-species: Paraspinturnix globosus Rudnick, 1960. The description of this monotypical genus as given by Rudnick (1960) fits the specimens recorded from Panama with the exception that the idio- soma is typically spinturnicid-shaped instead of globose. Paraspinturnix globosus Rudnick Paraspinturnix globosus Rudnick, 1960, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2) , p. 231, pi. 48, figs. 1, 2 United States National Museum, Washington (Nickajack Cave, Marion County, Tennessee, from Myotis sodalis). Female specimens from Panama identified as this species agree in all but a few minor respects with the description and figures given by Rudnick (1960). The idiosoma has the characteristic Spinturnix shape attributed by Rudnick (loc. cit.) to newly emerged, non-gravid females. No circular areas of heavy sclerotization appear on the shoulders of the dorsal plate. The metapodosomal pair of dorsal setae arise just medial to the stigmata. A single collection of three females is designated as this species from a bat identified as Myotis n. nigricans or Myotis chiloensis, from a cave at Finca Lara (Chiriqui), C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, 5 May 1961. From the same bat were collected numerous specimens of Spinturnix americanus. Abstract Thirteen species in three genera of spinturnicid mites are recorded for the first time from Panama. Descriptions are given of seven new species of Periglischrus recorded from both Panama and Trinidad, and one new species of Spinturnix recorded from Panama. The new species and typs hosts are P. natali from Natalus stramineus mexi- canus, P. elongatus from Pteronotus parnellii fuscus, P. inflatiseta from Phyllostomus hastatus, P. aitkeni from Sturnira lilium lilium, P. desmodi from Desmodus rotundus rotundus, P. tiptoni from Phyllostomus hastatus, P. micronycteridis from Micronycteris megalotis, and Spinturnix subacuminatus from Rhogeessa tumida. Periglischrus caligus Kolenati is redescribed. Spinturnix carloshoffmanni Hoffman is synonymized under Spinturnix americanus (Banks). The spinturnicid genus Periglischrus occurs primarily on bats of the family Phyl- lostomidae. Periglischrus species are not uncommon on members of the related family Desmodidae, and one atypical species occurs only on bats of the family Natalidae of a different superfamily from the other bat hosts. With few exceptions, the primary hosts of a given Periglischrus species are limited to members of a single bat genus or to mem- bers of closely related genera. One exceptional species, P. iheringi, occurs on seven genera of Stenoderminae of the Phyllostomidae as well as on a genus of Desmodidae. Spinturnix species and Paraspinturnix are primarily limited to bats of the family Ves- pertilionidae. The primary hosts of each species of these two genera recorded from Panama are limited in each instance to host species of a single genus. 154 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA HOST-PARASITE LIST Order CHIROPTERA Superfamily Emballonuroidea Family Noctilionidae Noctilio leporinus Periglischrus aitkeni n. sp. Superfamily Phyllostomoidea Family Phyllostomidae Subfamily Chilonycterinae Pteronotus parnellii Periglischrus species "D" elongatus n. sp. Pteronotus suapurensis Periglischrus elongatus n. sp. Subfamily Phyllostominae Micronycteris megalotis Periglischrus micronycteridis n. sp. Micronycteris minuta Periglischrus micronycteridis n. sp. Macrophyllum macrophyllum Periglischrus species "G" Phyllostomus hastatus Periglischrus tiptoni n. sp. inftatiseta n. sp. Trachops cirrhosus Periglischrus tiptoni n. sp. vargasi Hoffmann Subfamily Glossophaginae Glossophaga soricina Periglischrus caligus Kolenati Lonchophylla robusta Periglischrus species "K" Anoura cultrata Periglischrus vargasi Hoffmann Anoura geoffroyi Periglischrus vargasi Hoffmann Subfamily Carolliinae Carollia perspicillata Periglischrus sp. Subfamily Sturnirinae Sturnira lilium Periglischrus aitkeni n. sp. Sturnira ludovici Periglischrus aitkeni n. sp. Sturnira sp. Periglischrus aitkeni n. sp. Subfamily Stenoderminae Uroderma bilobatum Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Vampyrops helleri Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Vampyrops vittatus Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Vampyrodes caraccioli Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Vampyressa pusilla Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Chiroderma salvini Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Artibeus cinereus Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Artibeus jamaicensis Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Artibeus lituratus Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Enchisthenes hartii Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans Family Desmodidae Desmodus rotundus Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans desmodi n. sp. Superfamily Vespertilionoidea Family Natalidae Natalus stramineus Periglischrus natali n. sp. Family Vespertilionidae Subfamily Vespertilioninae Myotis albescens Spinturnix americanus (Banks) Myotis chiloensis Periglischrus tiptoni n. sp. Spinturnix americanus (Banks) Myotis nigricans Spinturnix americanus (Banks) sp. Myotis nigricans or Myotis chiloensis Spinturnix americanus (Banks) Paraspinturnix globosus Rudnick Myotis simus Spinturnix americanus (Banks) Rhogeessa tumida Spinturnix subacuminatus n. sp. Family Molossidae Tadarida brasiliensis Spinturnix sp. References BANKS, N. 1902. New genera and species of Acariens. Can. Ent., 34, (7), pp. 171-176, fig. 6. 1915. The Acarina or mites, a review of the group for the use of economic entomol- ogists. Kept. U. S. Dept. of Agric., no. 108. 153 pp., 294 figs. GOODWIN, G. G., AND GREENHALL, A. M. 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 122, (3), pp. 187-302, pis. 7-46. HEYDEN, C. H. G. VON 1826. Versuch einer systematischen Eintheilung der Acariden. Isis (Oken), 18, (6), pp. 608-613. HOFFMANN, A. M. 1944a. Periglischrus vargasi n. sp. (Acarina: Parasitidae). Rev. Inst. Salub. Enferm. Trop., Mexico, 5, (2), pp. 91-96, 2 text figs. 1944b. Un nuevo acaro parasite de murcielagos. An. Inst. Biol., Univ. Nac. Mexico, 15, (1), pp. 185-189, 5 text figs. KOLENATI, F. A. 1857. Synopsis prodroma der Flughaut-Milben (Pteroptida) der Fledermause. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., 1, (2), pp. 59-61. OUDEMANS, A. C. 1902. Acarologische aanteekeningen. Ent. Ber., 1, (6), pp. 36-39. 1903. Notes on Acari. Fifth series. Tijdschr. Ent., 45: 123-150, pis. 10-12. RUDNICK, A. 1960. A revision of the mites of the family Spinturnicidae (Acarina). Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 17, (2), pp. 157-284, pis. 18-48. TlBBETTS, T. 1957. Description of a new Periglischrus from a bat, Mormoops megalophylla seni- cula Rehn, together with a key to the species of Periglischrus (Acarina, Spinturni- cidae). Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 30, (1), pp. 13-19. 155 PLATE 37. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES PLATE 38. U5 c S 3 CN PLATE 39. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA CN C e FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES PLATE 40. -a C OS h I PLATE 41. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA CN ID a FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES PLATE 42. I s PLATE 43. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA c 08 I C C FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES PLATE 44. PLATE 45. ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA CO a rt ti I I a h I s I . FURMAN : SPINTURNICID MITES PLATE 46. '3 -c CN -s I 166 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Addendum Since submission of the manuscript for this paper in 1962, a series of spinturnicids have been described by Machado-Allison. In 1965 (Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 4, (10), pp. 243-258) he described a new genus and species, Cameronieta thomasi from Chil- onycteris rubiginosa fusca. His figure and description of the female agree with the speci- mens I have described as heteromorphic females of Periglischrus elongatus. The male he describes is indistinguishable from typical males of P. elongatus. His female deutonymph appears to be the typical adult female of P. elongatus. His male deutonymph appears to be an adult male, and his protonymph, probably a male. I conclude that Cameronieta is a synonym of Periglischrus, and C. thomasi becomes Periglischrus thomasi (Machado- Allison). This has close relationship with P. elongatus Furman and P. strandtmanni Tibbets. If further research demonstrates that my hypothesis for existence of heter- omorphic females in P. elongatus is correct, this species will become a synonym of P. thomasi. In 1965 Machado-Allison (Acta Biologica Venez. 4, (11), pp. 259-288) refers to his pa- per in press describing 4 new species of Periglischrus. In his Acta Biologica paper (loc. cit.) he keys out the 4 species of Periglischrus referred to in his unpublished paper and includes rather inadequate photomicrographs. From these I conclude P. tiptoni Furman is a synonym of P. acutisternus Machado-Allison. P. aitkeni Furman is a synonym of P. ojastii Machado-Allison; the latter has erroneously described and photographed a teneral adult female of this species as a female deutonymph. P. micronycteridis Furman may be a synonym of P. parvus Machado-Allison. Both occur on Micronycteris species, but the photomicrographs and key characters given for P. parvus are inadequate for certain identification. I consider P. setosus Machado-Allison to be a synonym of P. caligus Kolenati. P. inflatiseta Furman is a synonym of P. torrealbai Machado-Allison. P. squamosus Machado-Allison is a synonym of P. vargasi Hoffman. P. desmodi Furman is a synonym of P. herrerai Machado-Allison. The Ticks of Panama (Acarina: Ixodoidea) GRAHAM B. FAiRCHiLD, 1 GLEN M. KOHLS, 2 AND VERNON J. TIPTON 3 Information on the ticks that occur in Panama is scattered and scanty. Most of the information hitherto available is due to the efforts of L. H. Dunn, who worked on the Isthmus for about twenty-five years. Beginning in 1915, he published a series of papers on the life histories, disease transmission potential, hosts and distribution of Panamanian ticks. Dunn's papers are listed in the bibliography. In 1941, Ernesto Osorno-Mesa published an exten- sive paper, with keys to genera and species, on the ticks of Colombia. In this are included a number of early records from Panama when this country was part of Colombia as well as later records assembled from the literature. Fairchild (1943) briefly summarized the records of ticks in a list which formed part of a general summary of the biting arthropods of Panama. Determinations in Osorno-Mesa's paper were largely checked by Joseph Bequaert ; those in Fairchild's in part by R. A. Cooley. The Argasidae of Panama were reviewed by Cooley and Kohls (1944) in their monograph of the species occurring in North America, Central America and Cuba. The present work is based on fairly extensive collections made in recent years by personnel of the Environmental Health Branch, Division of Pre- ventive Medicine, Office of the Surgeon, United States Army Caribbean, especially by Charles M. Keenan, under the successive commands of Major Gordon Field, Major Robert M. Altman and Major Vernon J. Tipton; of collections made by Conrad E. Yunker and James M. Brennan of the Rocky Mountain Laboratory (RML) attached to the Middle America Research 1 Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama, Panama. 2 United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. 3 Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service Corps, United States Army. The authors are listed in alphabetical order. G. B. Fairchild and V. J. Tipton assembled the material. G. M. Kohls is responsible for the taxonomy. 167 168 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Unit, United States Public Health Service, in connection with their studies of Panamanian Trombiculidae ; and of collections made by personnel of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory (GML), especially Lawrence H. Dunn, Pedro Galindo V., Eustorgio Mendez and G. B. Fairchild. These collections have been largely from wild animals trapped or shot in connection with other studies, or from animals brought in alive by country people for possible sale as pets or experimental animals. In some cases, engorged nymphs or larvae allowed to detach from hosts have been held alive until they molted to the next stage, and eggs and young larvae have been secured in a few cases by holding engorged females in the laboratory, but in general our records are based on adult ticks. A total of forty-seven species are known to occur in Panama, twelve of which are here recorded for the first time for this country. Three species, Ixodes fuscipes Koch, /. minor Neumann and Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus) , previously reported for Panama, are not included. Nuttall and Warburton (1911) recorded and figured as /. fuscipes a female from Panama from Felis pardalis. Cooley and Kohls (1945) suggested that this speci- men may be /. boliviensis Neumann, but since the palpi and hypostome are missing, certainty is impossible. /. fuscipes is recorded from Brazil from Dasyprocta aguti and Cuniculus paca and the Rocky Mountain Laboratory has a female of this species from "agouti" from Puno (Sandia) , Peru. The female reported by Fairchild (1943) as /. minor, from Peromyscus nudipes or Oryzomys devius, Chiriqui Province, is in fact an Ixodes nymph which is not further determinable. As for A. americanum, Dunn (1923) reported that specimens had been taken by Dr. S. T. Darling on dogs and domestic hogs on San Miguel Island, one of the Pearl Islands in Panama Bay. We have not seen these specimens and have not made collections on San Miguel. No other specimens of this species have been reported from Panama and we seriously doubt its occurrence there. It appears to be restricted to parts of the United States and Mexico. Much remains to be learned about the ticks of Panama, and it seems advisable to point out here some of the more obvious lacunae in our knowl- edge. Many species appear to utilize several hosts at different stages, and the larvae and/or nymphs of many of them remain unknown or at least undescribed. The species of Amblyomma infesting, as adults, the sloths and anteaters, are a case in point. The larvae and nymphs of these species are undescribed and their hosts are unknown, since pre-adult stages are seldom taken on the adult's hosts. Life history studies of only a few of the commoner species have been made and these have been mostly based on laboratory rearings rather than field studies. The limiting factors of temperature, humidity, etc. affecting ticks in this area remain to be studied. The lack of coincidence between the ranges of the ticks and those of their preferred hosts is in need of investigation. Although little detailed information has been collected concerning the ef- fect of environmental factors on Panamanian ticks, certain generalizations may be made. In table 4 (which excludes Argasidae, Amblyomma crassum and A. pictum), we have tabulated the occurrence of various species accord- FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 169 ing to altitude (below 1000 feet, from 1000 to 5000 feet, and above 5000 feet) and according to climate (either wet or dry) . As can be seen, only a few species occur in all three altitudinal zones. In some cases, the range of favored hosts may limit tick distribution, but in others, the range of the hosts is known to greatly exceed that of the ticks. TABLE 4. DISTRIBUTION OF PANAMANIAN TICKS IN RELATION TO ALTITUDE AND CLIMATE (See text for detailed explanation.) Approximate elevation (in feet) Climatic conditions over 5000 1000-5000 under 1000 wet dry Dermacentor halli 4- 4. imitans + 4- 4- + latus 4- 4- 4- Anocentor nitens -j_ _j_ _j_ Boophilus microplus -(-once -f- + Amblyomma auricularium 4-4-4- " cajennense 4-once 4-4-4-4- calcaratum + + + + coelebs + + + dissimile -(-rare 4-4-4- geayi 4- 4- + " longirostre 4-4-4-4- naponense -f- 4- 4- nodosum 4-4-4- oblong oguttatum + 4-4-4- ovale 4-4-4-4- pacae -f twice 4-4-4-4- parvum 4- 4- pecarium 4-4-4- sabanerae 4- rare 4- 4- 4- tapirellum 4-4-4-4" " varium 4-4-4- Haemaphysalis juxtakochi + + + + " leporispalustris 4-4-4-4-4- Rhipicephalus sanguineus 4- 4- 4- 4- 4- Ixodes affinis 4- 4- 4- + boliviensis 4-4- 4- brunneus 4- 4- " lasallei 4-4-4- " loricatus 4- 4- luciae 4-4-4- " pomerantzi 4- 4- rubidus 4- 4- tapirus 4- 4- " tiptoni 4- 4- " venezuelensis 4- 4- In determining the effects of climate, it is not always possible to separate the effects of temperature and humidity. In Panama, for instance, heavier and more continuous rainfall usually occurs at higher altitudes. However, it may be generally assumed that the principal factor in limiting tick dis- tribution in areas of high elevation will be temperature, and in areas of low or intermediate elevation, humidity. 170 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA In general, the species of Dermacentor and Ixodes apparently prefer higher altitudes and areas of heavier rainfall. Of the three species of Dermacentor, all have been taken above 5000 feet, and only one below 1000 feet, in an area of very heavy and continuous rainfall. Among the eleven species of Ixodes, five have been taken only above 5000 feet and only three below 1000 feet, while only one species has been taken in a dry area. In marked contrast are the seventeen species of Amblyomma, of which only two, A. cajennense and A. pacae, have been taken above 5000 feet, one species once, the other twice. Preference for dry or wet areas at low eleva- tions is quite marked in a number of species, but only one, A. coelebs, has not been taken in a dry area. These facts suggest that micro-climatic factors affecting the free-living periods of some ticks may be as important in de- termining their distribution as are suitable hosts. Considerable preliminary work on the disease-transmitting potential of Panamanian ticks was done by Dunn. However, complete epidemiologies have not yet been worked out, even for such obvious diseases as relapsing fever, piroplasmosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The interrelation- ships of ticks with wild animals and their infections, and their bearing upon general problems of parasitology and the epidemiology of diseases of man and domestic animals, comprise an area of investigation as yet almost totally unexplored. Family Argasidae The Argasidae or soft ticks differ from other ticks in lacking a hard sclerotized dorsal plate, or scutum, in all stages. In nearly all cases the life history includes a six-legged larval stage and several nymphal stages, as well as the adult. In most instances, only the larvae attach themselves strongly to the host ; the nymphs and adults contact the host only for brief feedings, though there are some exceptions to this generalization. The nymphs and adults are thus generally to be found free in the habitat of the hosts, while the larvae are usually found attached to the host. Three genera of Argasidae are known from Panama. The genus Otobius Banks is also included in the subjoined key, as it is possible that it may eventually turn up in the drier parts of the Republic. KEY TO PANAMANIAN GENERA ADULTS AND LARGE NYMPHS; AFTER COOLEY AND KOHLS, 1944 1. With a definite sutural line separating the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body Argas (persicus) Sutural line absent 2 2. Nymphal integument beset with spines ; hypostome well developed. Integument of adults granular; hypostome vestigial Otobius (megnini) Integument of adults and nymphs essentially alike, mammillated or tuberculated and lacking spines; hypostome of various forms in adults and nymphs but not vestigial 3 3. Hypostome broad at the base, scoop-like. Associated with bats Antricola (mexicanus) Hypostome of various forms but never scoop-like. Associated with various animals including bats Ornithodoros (7 species) FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 171 KEY TO PANAMANIAN GENERA AND SPECIES LARVAE 1. Claws absent, pulvilli greatly enlarged. Parasite of bats Antricola (mexicanus) Claws present, pulvilli not greatly enlarged. Parasites of various hosts including bats 2 2. Eyes present Otobius (megnini) Eyes absent 3 3. Palpal segment 4 as long or longer than other palpal segments ; dorsum with 26-30 pairs of dorsal setae. Parasite of domestic fowl Argas (persicus) Not as above Ornithodoros 4 4. Parasitic on bats 5 Parasitic on hosts other than bats 8 5. Basis capituli with a knob on each side and with a pair of pointed cornua-like ex- tensions ventrally viguerasi Not as above 6 6. Hypostome on a conical base much shorter than the hypostome itself hasei Base of hypostome about as long as the hypostome 7 7. Basal teeth of hypostome crowded and deformed azteci Basal teeth of hypostome not crowded and deformed brodyi 8. Hypostome short, approximately 0.112 to 0.130 mm. long, and bluntly rounded. . .rudis Hypostome long and pointed 9 9. Hypostome extremely long and slender, approximately 0.244 to 0.257 mm. long, 0.038 to 0.045 mm. wide puertoricensis Hypostome approximately 0.165 to 0.177 mm. long, 0.047 to 0.065 mm. wide talaje Genus Argas Latreille, 1795 Argas persicus (Oken) Rhynchoprion persicum Oken, 1818, Isis, 3: 1568, figs. Argas persicus (Oken), Dunn, 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2), p. 92, as Argas miniatus Koch; 1933, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 13, (5), p. 482. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 583. Cooley and Kohls, 1944, Amer. Midi. Nat. Monog., no. 1, pp. 17-20, figs. This species, the common fowl tick and the vector of fowl spirochaetosis, is the only species of the genus known from Panama. It is world-wide in distribution and is mainly a parasite of chickens; it rarely attacks man. Dunn (1923) and Fairchild (1943) report it as common throughout Panama, but our only definite record based on specimens is a large lot of nymphs and adults taken from fowl cages in the Panama City market by Fairchild a number of years ago. Genus Ornithodoros Koch, 1844 KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES ADULTS AND LARGE NYMPHS 1. Hypostome pointed. Parasites of bats 2 Hypostome truncated or notched at apex. Parasites of various animals including bats 3 2. Hypostome long, slender ; denticles fine and limited to apical portion. Body ventrally without sclerotized plates or transverse band of columnar mammillae just pos- terior to coxae IV. . . .azteci 172 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Hypostome short, flattened, in shape of an inverted V; denticles not evident when examined in situ. Body ventrally with sclerotized plates and with a transverse band of columnar mammillae just posterior to coxa IV viguerasi 3. Discs large, conspicuous, and occupying much of the dorsal surface 4 Discs small, superficial, inconspicuous, not occupying much of the dorsal surface. . . .5 4. Small species, adults usually less than 4 mm. long. Discs as elevated shining areas. Mammillae only slightly elevated and difficult to distinguish from the discs in the posterior areas near the margin on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Para- site of bats hasei Larger species, adults usually over 4 mm. long. Discs as large depressed areas. Mammillae conical, well elevated and readily distinguished from the discs. Para- sites of animals other than bats puertoricensis and talaje 5. Dorsoventral groove present. Legs short, leg IV not extending to posterior margin of body. Parasite of animals other than bats; frequently found in native houses rudis Dorsoventral groove absent. Legs long, leg IV extending beyond posterior margin of body. Parasite of bats brodyi Ornithodoros azteci Matheson Ornithodoros azteci Matheson, 1935, Jour. Parasit., 21: 349-351, figs. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 583. Cooley and Kohls, 1944, Amer. Midi. Nat. Monog., no. 1, pp. 109-112, figs, (with O. anduzei Matheson 1941 as synonym). Ornithodoros anduzei Matheson, 1941, Bol. Ent. Venez., 1: 3-5. According to Matheson (1935), larvae have been taken on the bats Carollia perspicillata azteca and Desmodus rotundus murinus, while nymphs and adults were found in cracks and crevices in a culvert at Summit (Canal Zone), in a cave on Taboga Island, and in the Chilibrillo Caves. Larvae from Noctilio labialis in an old building at Summit, 9 Jan. 1944, K. W. Cooper and W. Kirkland, were possibly this species. Recent collections, all of larvae, have been 6 from Lonchorhina aurita, railroad culvert east of Summit Golf Club, 26 Oct. 1959, V. J. Tipton; 20 from Desmodus rotun- dus, 1.5 miles W. of Santa Clara (Code) , 27 Oct. 1959, V. J. Tipton ; 2 from Peropteryx macrotis, Quebrada Bonita (Colon), 9 Mar. 1962, GML; 2 from bats, cave near Cement Plant (Colon), 15 Feb. 1962, C. M. Keenan. In addition to Panama, this species has been recorded from Cuba, Ja- maica, and Venezuela. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory has several lots from bats and from a cave in Trinidad collected by T. H. G. Aitken of the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory. Ornithodoros brodyi Matheson Ornithodoros brodyi Matheson, 1935, Jour. Parasit., 21: 351-352, figs. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6) , p. 583. Cooley and Kohls, 1944, Amer. Midi. Nat. Monog., no. 1, pp. 80-81, figs. Larvae were taken from the short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata, and nymphs and adults from crevices in the walls and ceilings of the Chilibrillo Caves (Matheson, 1935). Fairchild (1943) records the species as common in the Chilibrillo Caves. Specimens, not now available, were taken 4 Jan., 18 Feb. 1940. Subsequent collections are as follows : Chilibrillo Caves, near Chilibre (Panama), 27 Aug. 1944, W. W. Middlekauf, 4 adults on walls of cave; same locality, 6 and 18 Jan. 1941, K. W. Cooper and W. Kirkland, FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 173 larvae from Carollia perspicillata; same locality and host, 28 Oct. 1959, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, larvae ; same locality, 4 Dec. 1943, GML, 2 fe- males on walls of cave; same locality, Dec. 1946, H. Trapido, 1 female; same locality, June 1957, GML, 1 male, 4 females, 1 nymph, on walls of cave; same locality, Nov. 1954, GML, 1 larva, from Desmodus rotundus; Cerro Hoya (Los Santos), 6 Feb. 1962, V. J. Tipton, 1 larva, from Trachops cir- rhosus; same locality and host, 24 Feb. 1962, 1 larva; same locality, 10 Feb. 1962, from Carollia perspicillata, 1 larva; bat cave, Quebrada Bonita (Colon), 25 May 1962, 1 male, 1 female, 5 nymphs; and same locality, 25 July 1962, from ? Rhynchonycteris sp., 1 larva. As far as we know, all collections of O. brodyi from the Chilibrillo Caves came from "Cave B," the middle cave of the complex of three which make up the Chilibrillo Caves. All three open from the sides of a sink hole in limestone about 100 meters west of the present Trans-Isthmian Highway. The fauna of these caves was extensively studied and collected by L. H. Dunn, but references to his findings are scattered in the literature. For- merly the caves could be reached only by hours of travel in dugout canoes up the Chagres and Chilibrillo Rivers, and at that time they contained a large and varied bat population. In recent years their accessibility has resulted in much disturbance, including treatment with smoke bombs in connection with an anti-rabies campaign against all bats. This has resulted in the virtual disappearance of bats from Cave B and no adult ticks have been re- covered on visits to the cave in recent years. The species also occurs in Guatemala as evidenced by a nymph in the Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection from cave wall, Cueva de Lanquin, Lanquin (Alta Vera Paz), 1000 feet elevation, 15 June 1948, R. D. Mitchell and Luis de la Torre, Chicago Natural History Museum Guatemala Zoo- logical Expedition. Ornithodoros hasei (Schulze) Argas hasei Schulze, 1935, Zeitschr. Morph. Okol. Tiere, 30: 34, fig. (May) ; 1941, op. cit., 37: 534, 547 (with O. dunni Matheson as synonym). Ornithodoros dunni Matheson, 1935, Jour. Parasit., 21:347-349, figs. (October). Fair- child, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 583. Cooley and Kohls, 1944, Amer. Midi. Nat. Monog. no. 1, pp. 103-105, figs. Schulze's material of hasei consisted of an unspecified number of larvae off the bat Myotis nigricans from "La Gueiira" (misprint for La Guaira?) , Venezuela. Kohls has compared reared larvae of O. dunni with the larva of "Argas" hasei figured by Schulze and concurs with Schulze (1941) that dunni is a synonym. Matheson's original specimens of dunni were reared from larvae taken from the bat Dirias albiv enter ( = Noctilio labialis) in Panama City and Sum- mit (Canal Zone) . Adults, nymphs and larvae have since been taken in some numbers from bat guano in the roof of an old church at Pacora (Panama) , June 21, 22, July 26, 1961. The bats inhabiting the church were Noctilio labialis, and one nymph and several larvae were taken from one of the bats. Several larvae, from which two nymphs later emerged, were secured from 174 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA the same species of bat taken at the Navy firing point, Galeta Point (Canal Zone) , 19 Nov. 1959. More recently, three lots of larvae were secured from Noctilio leporinus, five lots from Noctilio labialis, and one each from Uro- derma bilobatum, Vampyrops helleri and Tonatia silvicola, all from the vicinity of Las Palmitas (Los Santos), Jan.-Feb. 1962. Also, nine lots of larvae were collected from Noctilio sp. taken in nets, Gamboa (Canal Zone) , pipeline road, 14 May 1962, by C. Yunker. This species has also been recorded from Brazil (Mara jo Island near Belem), and the Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection contains several lots from Trinidad from bats, principally Noctilio I. leporinus, and their roosts, collected by T. H. G. Aitken. Ornithodoros puertoricensis Fox Ornithodoros puertoricensis Fox, 1947, Jour. Parasit., 33, (3), pp. 253-259; 1951, Jour. Parasit., 37, (1), pp. 85-95. Davis, 1955, Jour. Parasit., 41, (1), pp. 76-79. Fox and Garcia-Moll, 1961, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med. Hyg., 10, (4), pp. 566-573. This species was described by Fox (1947) from larvae and from nymphs and adults reared from larvae collected off domestic rats in Puerto Rico. He suggested the possibility that the species was also present in Panama but that it was being confused with O. talaje. The presence of this species in Panama is confirmed by the finding of a larva on Sylvilagus brasiliensis at Los Santos, 19 February 1962, and by re-examination of a lot labeled 0. talaje consisting of numerous larvae, 10 males, 1 female and 7 nymphs, collected by Dunn in Panama but without further data, and by another lot consisting of 7 larvae labeled O. talaje, from "rat", 27 March, 1931. All specimens in these two lots proved to be O. puertoricensis. The adults and nymphs of puertoricensis and talaje are so similar that we are as yet unable to distinguish the two species with certainty on the basis of these stages alone, although available specimens of puertoricensis are rather consistently smaller. The larvae, however, are quite distinct and are readily distinguished by characters of the hypostome. The hypostome of puertoricensis is much longer and narrower and ranges from approxi- mately 0.244 to 0.257 mm. long by 0.038 to 0.045 mm. wide as compared to 0.165 to 0.177 mm. long by 0.047 to 0.065 mm. wide in talaje larvae reared from adults collected at and near the type locality in Guatemala. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory has several collections of larvae from rodents (Proechimys and Nectomys) in Trinidad (T.H.G. Aitken), and larvae that were reared from adults collected at Ayacucho in Colombia. It is of interest to note that Davis (1955) interbred O. puertoricensis from Puerto Rico and "O. talaje" from Colombia and obtained fertile progeny. Ornithodoros rudis Karsch Ornithodoros rudis Karsch, 1880, Mitt. Munch. Ent. Ver., 4: 141-142. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6) , pp. 582-583. Cooley and Kohls, 1944, Amer. Midi. Nat. Monog. no. 1, pp. 101-103, figs. Ornithodoros talaje, Dunn, 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2), pp. 92-93 (in part). Ornithodoros venezuelensis, Dunn, 1933, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 13, (2), p. 203; 1933, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 13, (5), pp. 476, 482. FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 175 Dunn (1933) considers this species to be primarily a biter of man, at least in the post-larval stages. He records it as common in houses in the interior of Panama, hiding in cracks in furniture and walls and coming out to bite at night. Larvae were taken once on a chicken, and a few post- larval stages from crevices in chicken coops in the Panama City market. Fairchild collected adults and nymphs from crevices in furniture in a native house near Capira (Panama), many years ago, and there are specimens at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory from native houses at New San Juan, Chagres River, 7 July 1939, W. Trager ; from native house at Donoso (Colon) , March 1947, G. B. Fairchild; and from native houses 40 miles west of Panama City, April 1954, G. B. Fairchild. No recent material has been seen, doubtless because it has not been searched for. It is also likely that extensive spraying of houses with insecticides to control malaria, beginning about 1946, has greatly reduced this domestic species. Dunn believed O. rudis to be the main vector to man of relapsing fever in Panama. In addition to Panama, this species has been recorded from Colombia, Venezuela, Paraguay (Cooley and Kohls, 1944), and from Ecuador (Leon and de Leon, 1947), and the Rocky Mountain Laboratory has several col- lections from rodent nests from several localities in the Lancones District (Piura), Peru, October 1946 (Dr. A. Macchiavello). Ornithodoros talaje (Guerin-Meneville) Argas talaje Guerin-Meneville, 1849, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1 : 342-344, pi. 9. Ornithodoros talaje, Dunn, 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2), p. 92 (in part) ; 1927, Jour. Parasit., 13: 177-182; 1931, Psyche, 38, (4), pp. 170-173; 1933, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 13, (5) , pp. 475-483. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6) , p. 582. Cooley and Kohls, 1944, Amer. Midi. Nat. Monog., no. 1, pp. 82-88, figs. 38-39, pi. 8. Fox, 1947, Jour. Parasit., 33: 253-259. ? Ornithodoros dugesi Mazzotti, 1943, Rev. Inst. Salub. Enferm. Trop., 4, (4), pp. 371-374; 1949, ibidem, 10, (3), pp. 277-281. With the recognition that O. puertoricensis occurs in Panama, all previ- ous records of O. talaje in Panama must be regarded as questionable. Future reports must also be so regarded unless verified on the basis of larvae in view of the close similarity of the post-larval stages of the two species. Unfortunately, none of the larvae reported by Dunn (1923, 1927, 1931, 1933) are available for study, and a positive identification as 0. talaje of the adults now remaining in the early and more recent collections cannot be made. Consequently, the following records may apply either to talaje, or to puertoricensis, or to both, although some of the specimens appear to be the former because of their size. Dunn (loc. cit.) recorded larvae from domestic rats( Mus rattus, M. alexandrinus and M. norvegicus) as well as dogs, cats, opossums, monkeys, chickens, and snake. Adults were occasionally taken in houses, once (Dunn 1931) in sufficient abundance to cause annoyance to the inhabitants by their bites. Adults were also taken in small numbers in crevices in chicken coops in the Panama City market. Dunn was of the opinion that the tick was widespread in Panama, the larvae attacking a variety of animals, the adults mainly attacking rats. He reported material from Parita (Herrera) , 176 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Santa Rosa (Colon), Gatun (Canal Zone), Chorrera and San Juan (Pan- ama), and the cities of Panama and Colon. Fairchild has notes on speci- mens, not now available, from a native house at Villa Rosario (Panama) , 27 June 1941, sifted from dirt floor and in cracks in furniture, and a single engorged female from Juan Diaz (Panama), July 1941, taken in a native house. Further specimens collected in houses at Villa Rosario, April 1954, are in the Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection. An adult specimen was taken while biting a man in bed, Panama City, 14 August 1944. Cooley and Kohls (1944) stated that the range of O. talaje extends from Kansas and California to Argentina and noted that in the United States the species has been found only on wild rodent hosts and in associa- tion with them. Specimens taken in nests of "ratas silvestres 4 " near Sabinas (Coahuila), northern Mexico, were described by Mazzotti (1943) as a new species, O. dugesi. However, Kohls has been unable to detect any significant differences between the larval and post-larval stages of dugesi and those of talaje from the United States, from native houses in southern Mexico, and from the type area in Guatemala, and believes dugesi may be a synonym. Ornithodoros viguerasi Cooley and Kohls Ornithodoros viguerasi Cooley and Kohls, 1941, Pub. Hlth. Kept., 56:396-399, figs; 1944, Amer. Midi. Nat., Monog. no. 1, pp. 106-109, figs. Our records for this species are based on larvae taken from bats, four from Pteronotus parnellii and one from Pteronotus sp. at Cueva de los Murcielagos, near Penonome (Cocle) , 4 Mar. 1955, A. Quinonez, and 15 Dec. 1961, V. J. Tipton. This species has been previously recorded from Cuba, and the Rocky Mountain Laboratory has several lots of larvae collected by T. H. G. Aitken from bats in Trinidad. Genus Antricola Cooley and Kohls, 1942 Antricola mexicanus Hoffmann Antricola mexicanus Hoffmann, 1959, An. Esc. Nat. Cienc. Biol., 9:97-102, figs. (1958) (Mexico). This species was first taken (27 males, 21 females, 4 nymphs) in De- cember, 1961, from Cueva de los Murcielagos (bat cave) about 1 km. NW. of Penonome (Cocle). Ticks were present in fair numbers and were ac- tively crawling about on the guano in the first chamber in the cave. Bats of several species, predominantly Pteronotus spp. with a few Carollia sp., were present in very large numbers, forming a nearly solid sheet on the ceiling and walls of the cave. A later visit, on 24 Jan. 1962, yielded sev- eral hundred adult ticks of both sexes and nymphs of several sizes as well as 20 larvae from Pteronotus psilotis. A fire had been built in the cave a short time previously and bats were much less numerous. Ticks were 4 Neotoma micropus canesccns according to Mazzotti, 1949. FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 177 more in evidence, crawling actively on walls and floors of small side tunnels and packed into available crevices. The cave was hot and damp, the atmos- phere almost unbreathable with ammonia fumes from the guano. Later, one female and one nymph were taken in a cave at Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) , at an elevation of 5800 feet, and larvae from Myotis nigricans at the same locality. This species was described from a female and a male found on bat guano in Gruta de Juxtlahuaca (Guerrero) , Mexico. The Rocky Mountain Labora- tory has a female and a nymph taken in a bat cave, elevation 6300 feet, at Chocoyos (Chimaltenango), Guatemala, 28 April 1948, by R. L. Wenzel, R. D. Mitchell and L. de la Torre, Chicago Natural History Museum Guate- mala Zoological Expedition. The species resembles A. coprophilus (Mcln- tosh) of the southwestern United States and Mexico, but it can be readily distinguished by the presence in females of tubercles, each bearing a tuft of long barbed hairs, on the posterior and posterolateral margins of the body. Family Ixodidae The Ixodidae or hard ticks are characterized by having a hard sclerotized scutum in all stages. This structure is small in the larval and nymphal stages and in the female, but covers the whole dorsum in the males. All stages attach to their hosts for relatively long periods of feeding. A few species stay on the same host in developing from larva to nymph to adult, but most species, in each stage, drop from the host on completion of feed- ing and after molting may parasitize the same or widely different host species. Seven genera, keyed below, have representatives in Panama. KEY TO PANAMANIAN GENERA MALES AND FEMALES 1. Anal groove distinct and contouring the anus anteriorly. Eyes, ornamentation, and festoons absent. Venter of male more or less completely covered by seven hardened non-salient plates Ixodes Anal groove distinct or indistinct but contouring the anus posteriorly. Eyes, orna- mentation and festoons present or absent. Venter of male with or without salient plates 2 2. Eyes absent, scutum inornate. Palps short and broad, base of second segment projecting laterally beyond the basis capituli. Festoons present. Venter of male without plates Haemaphysalis Eyes present 3 3. Palps usually long and slender, longer than the basis capituli; segment 2 at least one and one-half times longer than segment 3. Scutum usually ornate. Venter of male without extensive salient plates, rarely with small sclerotized non-salient plaques near the festoons. Coxa IV of males not greatly enlarged. . . .Amblyomma Palps short and broad, not longer than the basis capituli ; segment 2 about as long as segment 3 4 4. Basis capituli rectangular. Scutum ornate or inornate. Male without ventral plates. Coxa IV of male much larger than other coxae 5 Basis capituli hexagonal. Scutum inornate. Male ventrally with adanal and acces- sory plates. Coxa IV of male not greatly enlarged 6 5. Scutum ornate. Festoons 11 in number. Denticles of hypostome arranged in three longitudinal rows on each side of the median line. Spiracular plate not or only slightly raised above body surface; goblets numerous and small Dermacentor 178 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Scutum inornate. Festoons seven in number. Denticles of hypostome arranged in four longitudinal rows on each side of the median line. Spiracular plate promi- nently elevated above surface of body Anocentor 6. Festoons absent. Palpi very short and ridged dorsally and laterally. Coxa I with two very short spurs. Anal groove obsolete in female, indistinct in male. Male very small Boophilus Festoons present. Palpi not unusually short, not ridged. Coxa I with two long spurs. Anal groove distinct. Male moderate in size Rhipicephalus Genus Ixodes Latreille, 1795 KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES FEMALES 1. Hypostome with only files 1 and 2 extending the full length, files 3 never extending more than one-third the total length 2 Hypostome with files 3 extending for half the length or more; files 4 may be present 4 2. Medium-sized tick of usual appearance; basis capituli subrectangular, not ex- panded laterally; coxa I with internal spur slender and much longer than the external rubidus Large ticks of unusual appearance : basis capituli expanded laterally ; dorsally with a pair of anteriorly converging ridges ; coxa I with spurs flattened and robust . . 3 3. Coxa I with spurs subequal in length loricatus Coxa I with external spur much longer than the internal luciae 4. Coxa II without spurs 5 Coxa II with an external spur 7 5. Coxae III and IV without spurs. Auriculae mild ridge-like protuberances. Para- site of tapirs tapirus Coxae III and IV each with a short external spur. Auriculae long retrograde processes. Parasites of small mammals 6 6. Auriculae as sharply pointed curved horns. Hypostome situated on a conical base about as long as the hypostome itself. Punctations of scutum rather uniformly distributed venezuelensis Auriculae as long, straight, blunt, retrograde processes. Base of hypostome about half as long as the hypostome. Large punctations of scutum grouped near the posterior margin lasallei 1. Coxa I with a short internal spur, less than twice as long as the external spur. Trochanters I to III with small, but distinct, ventral spurs. Scutum, postscutal areas, and venter with numerous conspicuous long white hairs. Parasites of birds brunneus Coxa I with internal spur much longer than the external spur. Trochanters with- out spurs. Parasite of mammals 8 8. Cornua absent, posterior margin of basis capituli an even, concave, salient edge. Auriculae mild lateral saliences. Punctations near posterior margin of scutum conspicuous, deep circular affinis Cornua present 9 9. Palpal segment 1 with a long, sharp, ventral process. Auriculae long, thin curved horns. Parasite of Sylvilagus pomerantzi Palpal segment 1 with a suboval ventral plate or a short ventral spur similar to the external spurs of the coxae 10 10. Palpal segment 1 with a suboval ventral plate. Auriculae stout, curved, slightly longer than broad. Internal spur of coxa I long, slim, reaching nearly across coxa II in unfed specimens boliviensis Palpal segment 1 with a short ventral spur similar to the external spurs of the coxae. Auriculae mild, slightly pointed elevations. Internal spur of coxa I FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON I TICKS 179 moderate, slightly overlapping coxa II. Parasite of squirrels (Sciurus gran- atensis so far as known) tiptoni MALES (Males of rubidus, tapirus, and venezuelensis unknown) 1. Hypostome with large lateral denticles conspicuous and well differentiated from the small median denticles which are in diagonal or transverse crenulations. . .affinis Hypostome with smaller lateral denticles not well differentiated from the medians which may be in longitudinal files as in females or with small, mild teeth in in- definite files, or in diagonal transverse crenulations 2 2. Median denticles of hypostome in definite lineal files. Large ticks of unusual ap- pearance: basis capituli expanded laterally, dorsally with a pair of anteriorly converging lateral ridges; lateral body folds wide; coxa I with spurs flattened and robust 3 Median denticles in diagonal or transverse crenulations, or faint or indefinite lineal files. Smaller ticks of usual appearance 4 3. External spur of coxa I much longer than internal luciae External and internal spur of coxa I about equal loricatus 4. Hypostome distinctly notched apically 5 Hypostome not notched apically 7 5. Coxae I and II without external spur, posterior margins broadly rounded and salient. Internal spur of coxa I long. Scutum with large punctations limited mainly to lateral and posterior areas lasallei Coxae I and II with external spur 6 6. Trochanters each with a small but distinct ventral spur. Spurs of coxa I short, subequal. Small tick, up to about 2 mm. long exclusive of capitulum. Parasite of birds brunneus Trochanters without ventral spurs. Coxa I with internal spur medium and much longer than external spur. Larger tick, up to at least 2.4 mm. long exclusive of capitulum. Parasite of squirrels (Sciurus granatensis so far as known) . . . .tiptoni 7. Cornua present, short, pointed. Posterointernal margin of coxa IV salient and spur-like. Hypostome slender, longitudinally grooved ventrally, with about 12 diagonal rows of crenulations. Parasite of Sylvilagus pomerantzi Cornua absent. Posterointernal margin of coxa IV smoothly rounded. Hypostome broad, heavy, with about eight transverse rows of crenulations plus a basal row of large irregular teeth which are well elevated above the smooth basal portion of the hypostome boliviensis Ixodes affinis Neumann Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 12: 120-121. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 583. Cooley and Kohls, 1945, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 184, pp. 29-34 (with I. ricinus aragaoi Fonseca, 1935 as synonym). Fonseca, 1960, Acarologia, 2, (1), pp. 9-10. Ixodes ricinus aragaoi Fonseca, 1935, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 9: 131-135. Ixodes aragaoi Fonseca. Aragao and Fonseca, 1952, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 50: 727-728. Fonseca, 1960, Acarologia, 2, (1), pp. 9-10. Dunn (1923, 1934) recorded specimens, probably of this species, as I. ricinus, from near Camp Pital and from the Boqueron River area. Fair- child (1943) recorded adults from Mazama and Odocoileus from El Real (Darien) and Alhajuela (Canal Zone), while Cooley and Kohls (1945) re- corded adults from Felis concolor (puma) from Almirante (Bocas del Toro) . We have secured considerable material listed below, all collected by per- sonnel of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory unless otherwise stated, which indicates a wide distribution in Panama and considerable variety of hosts, 180 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA though deer and the larger carnivores seem preferred. Juan Mina (Canal Zone), 4 Sept. and 6 Jan. 1944, from Odocoileus, 4 females; Santa Rosa, Rio Chagres, 24 Feb. 1944, from ocelot, 1 female; Moja Polio, Rio Chagres, 19 Feb. 1941, from dog, 1 female; Gamboa pipeline road (Canal Zone), 16 Oct. 1960, V. J. Tipton, from Felis onca, 1 female; Pina (Colon), 22 Dec. 1957, R. M. Altman, from Didelphis marsupialis, 1 male, 1 female; Tacarcuna Yellow Fever Station (Darien), 3 Sept. 1958, from Mazama americana, 1 female; Rio Teribe (Bocas del Toro), 10 Aug. 1962, from Mazama americana, 3 males, 9 females; Cerro Pirre (Darien), 4 Feb. 1961, C. M. Keenan and C. E. Yunker, from ocelot, 1 female; Rio Chucunaque (Darien), 17 Feb. 1958, from Mazama, 1 male, 1 female; Rio Mandinga (San Bias), 30 May 1957, from Felis onca, 2 males, 1 female; Almirante (Bocas del Toro), 13 March 1961, from Felis pardalis, 2 males, 7 females. The range of /. affinis extends from Georgia (Lund, Marshall and Hayes, 1962) and Florida (Kohls and Rogers, 1953) to Brazil. Cotype females of aragaoi (Brazil) have the punctations near the posterior margin of the scutum somewhat smaller than in affinis but we do not regard this and other minor differences noted by Aragao and Fonseca (1952) and Fonseca (1960) as sufficient to justify recognition of aragaoi as a separate species. Ixodes boliviensis Neumann Ixodes boliviensis Neumann, 1904, Arch. Parasit., 8: 457-458. Kohls, 1956, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 58: 232-233 (with I. bicornis as synonym). Ixodes bicornis Neumann, 1906, Arch. Parasit., 10: 196-197. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23: 583. Cooley and Kohls, 1945, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 184, pp. 183-186. Kohls, 1956, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 58: 232-233. Fairchild (1943) and Cooley and Kohls (1945) reported this species as /. bicornis, from man, domestic cat and dog from several localities in Chiriqui Province. Since then we have secured 44 lots from the following hosts : jaguar (3 lots, 3 males, 51 females) ; dog (15 lots, 21 males, 143 females, 1 nymph) ; tapir (3 lots, 12 females) ; Didelphis marsupialis (3 lots, 4 fe- males) ; Procyon lotor (1 lot, 3 males, 9 females, 8 nymphs, 15 larvae) ; cattle (4 lots, 1 male, 18 females) ; Odocoileus (1 lot, 4 females) ; mule (1 lot, 5 females) ; domestic cat (1 lot, 1 female) ; man (4 lots, 1 male, 4 females, only 1 female attached) ; Coendou mexicanus (4 lots, 10 females) ; Nasua nasua (3 lots, 15 females) ; in camp building (1 lot, 1 female). All were collected at elevations of over 2500 feet in Chiriqui Province or in neigh- boring Bocas del Toro Province. /. boliviensis appears to be the principal tick on dogs in this area, and on several occasions large numbers have been taken from a single dog. Its range extends from Mexico to Bolivia. Ixodes brunneus Koch Ixodes brunneus Koch, 1844, Arch. Naturg., 10: 232. Cooley and Kohls, 1945, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 184, pp. 205-211. Anastos and Smith, 1957, Jour. Parasit., 43: 535-541 (male, nymph, and larva described). Ixodes calif ornicus Banks, 1904, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 3, (3), p. 369. Cooley and Kohls, 1945, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 184, pp. 215-216. New synonymy. FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 181 A single female from an undetermined species of tinamou, Bambito (Chiriqui), 6 Feb. 1960, collected by V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, ap- pears to be the first record of this bird tick from Panama. The specimen is somewhat larger than those from the United States, the scutal hairs are shorter, fewer and finer, and the median field of the scutum is glossy and has fewer and smaller punctations. This species is known from several States in the United States (exclud- ing Alaska and Hawaii) and from Venezuela. Boero (1945) identified as 7. brunneus a female from the marsupial Dromiciops australis australis and a nymph from a supposed bat's roost, both from Victoria Island in Lake Nahuel (Neuquen), Argentina, but Ringuelet (1947) examined the speci- mens and described them as a new species, Ixodes neuquenensis . Boero's (1957) identification as brunneus of a female from a bird, Turdus nigriceps, Jujuy Province, Argentina, may be correct but his description and figures suggest that it may be another species. Kohls has recently compared the syntype nymphs of 7. calif ornicus with authentic nymphs of 7. brunneus and found them to be the same. Ixodes lasallei Mendez and Ortiz Ixodes lasallei Mendez and Ortiz, 1958, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. LaSalle, 18: 198-202. This species was described from females from Venezuela, taken from Agouti paca. We have secured 10 lots, including the undescribed male, 8 from Dasyprocta punctata and 2 from Agouti paca: Almirante (Bocas del Toro) , 23 Jan. 1960, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, 1 female ; same locality, 24 Jan. 1962, 1 female; same locality, 18 July 1960, GML, 1 female; Rio Teribe (Bocas del Toro), 10 Aug. 1962, GML, 3 females; Cerro Hoya (Los Santos), 15 Feb. 1962, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, 7 nymphs, 2 larvae; same locality, 17 Feb. 1962, 1 female ; same locality, 22 Feb. 1962, 2 nymphs ; same locality, 23 Feb. 1962, 1 nymph; Timi de Boa, Rio Teribe (Bocas del Toro), from Agouti paca, GML, May 1962, 1 male, 8 females, and 4 nymphs, and 10 Aug. 1962, 3 nymphs. The salient morphological features of the male of this species are given in the key to Ixodes males. Ixodes loricatus Neumann Ixodes loricatus Neumann, 1899, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 12: 139-142. Nuttall and War- burton, 1911, Ticks, pt. 2, pp. 266-269. Cooley and Kohls, 1945, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 184, pp. 187-193. Although this species was erroneously reported from Panama as 7. loricatus spinosus by Fairchild (1943), the following seems to be the first authentic record of the species from Panama : Tacarcuna Yellow Fever Sta- tion (Darien) , 1 Sept. 1958, GML, from Metachirus nudicaudatus, 1 female. The range of this species extends from Mexico to Argentina. Its princi- pal hosts appear to be opossums (Family Didelphidae) but it has been re- corded from a variety of other animals. Ixodes didelphidis Fonseca and Aragao, 1952, described from adults 182 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA taken on Metachirus sp. and Didelphis Paraguay 'ensis at Anapolis (Goiaz), Brazil, differs from loricatus in having somewhat larger spiracular plates with slightly smaller and more numerous goblets, and probably represents only a local population of that species. There are numerous lots from Anapo- lis in the Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection. Ixodes luciae Senevet Ixodes luciae Senevet, 1940, VI Cong. Intern. Ent., Madrid, (1935), pp. 896-898. Cooley and Kohls, 1945, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 184, pp. 175-180. Kohls, 1957, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 59, (6), p. 259 (with 7. loricatus vogelsangi Dias, 1954 as synonym). Ixodes loricatus var. spinosus Nuttall, 1910, Parasitology, 3: 411-412, preoccupied by 7. spinosus Neumann, 1899, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 12: 146-147, = 7. fuscipes Koch, 1844. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23: 583. Ixodes scuticrenatus Vazquez, 1946, An. Inst. Biol., 17: 237-245. New synonymy. Aside from the specimens from Didelphis marsupialis from Alhajuela (Canal Zone), L. H. Dunn, reported by Fairchild (1943), and Cooley and Kohls (1945), we have secured the following additional material. From Didelphis marsupialis, 20 lots totaling 33 males, 27 females, from the following localities : Tacarcuna Station (Darien), Aug.-Sept. 1958; Rio Mandinga (San Bias) , 27 May 1957 ; Cerro Azul (Panama) , May, Aug. 1955, Jan.-Apr. 1956; Cerro Campana (Panama), March 1961; Camp Pifia (Ca- nal Zone) , May, Aug. 1955, Jan., March 1956. From Philander opossum, 6 lots totaling 7 females, from Cerro Azul (Panama), 21 Dec. 1955; Camp Pina (Canal Zone), 19 Jan., 9 March, 1956; Fort Gulick (Canal Zone), 21 March 1961. From Marmosa robinsoni, 1 nymph, Almirante (Bocas del Toro) , 22 Feb. 1960. From Zygodontomys microtinus, 1 nymph, Tacarcuna Station (Darien) , 3 Sept. 1958. From Oryzomys sp., 2 nymphs, Cerro Pirre. 1600 feet (Darien), 6 Feb. 1961. The above records indicate that opossums are the favored hosts for the adults, but suggest that rodents are preferred by the earlier stages. The lo- calities are all in areas of high rainfall, from sea level to about 2000 feet ele- vation. In addition to Panama, this species has been recorded from southern Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, French Guiana, Brazil and Argentina. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory has numerous lots, including many larvae and nymphs from rodents, that were collected in Trinidad by Dr. T. H. G. Aitken of the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory. Ixodes pomerantzi Kohls Ixodes pomerantzi Kohls, 1957, Jour. Parasit., 42, (6), pp. 639-642 (Dec. 1956). Only three lots of this tick have been taken, all from Sylvilagus brasilien- sis, as follows: Casa Tilley, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), 1 May 1960, V. J. Tip- ton and C. M. Keenan, 2 males, 1 female, 13 nymphs; Bambito (Chiriqui), 5100 feet, 7 March 1962, V. J. Tipton, 1 male, 2 females, 17 nymphs; same locality, 13 March 1962, V. J. Tipton, 1 male, 1 female, 9 nymphs. FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 183 The species was described from adults from Sylvilagus brasiliensis in Peru and S. floridanus chiapensis in Guatemala. Ixodes rubidus Neumann Ixodes rubidus Neumann, 1901, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 14: 282-283. Nuttall and War- burton, 1911, Ticks, pt. 2, pp. 175-176. Cooley and Kohls, 1945, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 184, pp. 153-156. In addition to the 13 females from Eira barbara reported by Cooley and Kohls (1945) from Boquete (Chiriqui) , we have secured five additional lots as follows: Nueva Colonia (Chiriqui), 30 Jan. 1960, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, from Procyon lotor, 7 females, 7 nymphs, 15 larvae ; Bambito (Chir- iqui) , 15 Feb. 1960, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, from Mustela frenata, 1 female; Casa Tilley, Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), 5300 feet, 12 March 1962, V. J. Tipton, from Conepatus semistriatus, 9 females, 17 nymphs; Bambito (Chiriqui) , 5100 feet, 12 March 1962, V. J. Tipton, from Bassaricyon gabbii, 3 females, 4 nymphs ; and 13 March 1962, from Nasua nasua, 1 female. All of our material has come from small, wild carnivores of the families Pro- cyonidae and Mustelidae, and from localities over 5000 feet in Chiriqui Province. The species was described from a female from Bassariscus as- tutus, Guanajuato, Mexico, and the Rocky Mountain Laboratory has 2 fe- males from Didelphis sp., Yepocapa (Chimaltenango), Guatemala, 19 Jan. 1949, H. T. Dalmat. The male remains unknown. Ixodes tapirus Kohls Ixodes tapirus Kohls, 1957, Jour. Parasit., 42, (6), pp. 642-643, (Dec. 1956). Two lots of this recently described species, both from tapir, Tapirus bairdii, have been secured. Upper Rio Changuinola (Bocas del Toro), 10 May 1959, R. Hartmann, 1 female, and Rio Candela (Chiriqui), 6600 feet, Oct. 1953, R. Hartmann, 5 females. This species was previously known from a female from the woolly, or mountain tapir, Tapirus pinchaque, Rio Majuas, about 8600 feet, San Agustin (Huila), Colombia. Ixodes tiptoni Kohls and Clifford Ixodes tiptoni Kohls and Clifford, 1962, Jour. Parasit., 48, (2), pp. 182-184. Records of this recently described species will be found listed in detail in the original description. Subsequent collections include larvae, nymphs, females and a single male, from Sciurus granatensis and from rodent and bird nests, the latter probably in use by mammals, possibly squirrels. One lot is from Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), 6000 feet, the others from the vicinity of Cerro Punta (Chiriqui). The important morphological features of the male are given in the key to the males of this genus. Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls, 1953, Jour. Parasit., 39, (3), pp. 300-303. We have taken only females of this species and all but one lot came from a 184 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA camp on the slopes of Mount Tacarcuna (Darien) . Tacarcuna Yellow Fever Station, 31 Aug. 1958, GML, from Zygodontomys microtinus, 3 females; 1 Sept. 1958, same host, GML, 2 females ; 2 Sept. 1958, same host, GML, 1 female ; 7 Sept. 1958, same host, GML, 3 females ; 20 March 1959, GML, from Monodelphis adusta, 1 female; Cerro Azul (Panama), 14 March 1961, C. E. Yunker, from Oryzomys sp., 1 female. Kohls (1953) recorded females and nymphs of this species from Hete- romys anomalus anomalus and Monodelphis brevicaudata palliolata, State of Aragua, Venezuela, and females from Oryzomys caliginosus and Nec- tomys alfari, Antioquia, Colombia. Vogelsang and Bias (1953) recorded a female from Mus musculus, State of Aragua, Venezuela. The male is un- known. Genus Anocentor Schulze, 1937 The one known species in this genus is widely distributed in the New World from southern Texas, Florida, and the West Indies southward to Brazil. It is commonly referred to as the "tropical horse tick." Anocentor nitens (Neumann) Dermacentor nitens Neumann, 1897, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 10: 376-378. Dunn, 1915, Ent. News, 26: 214-219; 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2), pp. 93-94. Fair- child, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 583. Otocentor nitens (Neumann), Cooley, 1938, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 171, pp. 65-68, figs. Anocentor columbianus Schulze, 1937, Zool. Anz., 120: 24-27, figs. Dunn (1923,1934) reports this tick as primarily a parasite of horses and mules in Panama ; often all stages are found on the host simultaneously. He also indicates that the ticks seem to prefer the ears. Fairchild (1943) noted that it is often taken on cattle and that is was taken twice from deer. Sub- sequent records include thousands of specimens collected by Field in 1954- 1955 from horses in horse-baited mosquito traps at Fort Davis, and lesser numbers from horses at Fort Clayton. It is a curious fact that this New World tick is now very largely confined to domestic animals of Old World origin. Observations on the biology of this tick in Panama are given by Dunn (1915). Genus Dermacentor Koch, 1844 KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES MALES AND FEMALES 1. Spurs of coxa I with proximal edges parallel or only slightly divergent latus Spurs of coxa I widely divergent 2 2. Males ventrally with a short retrograde tubercle on some of the festoons. Female scutum with whitish ornamentation indistinct; tarsi II to IV each with strong, sharp, subterminal and apical ventral spurs imitans Males ventrally without tubercles on the festoons. Female scutum with distinct whitish ornamentation; tarsi II to IV each with the subterminal ventral spur blunt and much shorter than the apical ventral spur halli FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 185 Only one species of this genus has been hitherto recorded from Panama, D. latus Cooley (Fairchild, 1943) . Extensive collecting in the highlands of Chiriqui and Darien Provinces has added two species and has indicated that the species in the genus appear to prefer a cool environment. Dermacentor latus Cooley Dermacentor latus Cooley, 1937, Jour. Parasit., 23: 262-264, figs. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 583. Arthur, 1960, Ticks, pt. 5, pp. 102-103, figs. (fig. 185 is of scutum of D. dispar, not D. latus as stated) . Clifford and Kohls, 1962, Jour. Parasit., 48: 486-488, figs. This species was described from a single male from tapir in Costa Rica. Fairchild (1943) reported a male from dog, Boquete (Chiriqui). We have since secured additional material as follows : Rio Candela (Chiriqui) , >5000 feet, 20 Aug. 1954, R. Hartmann, from man, 1 male; Rio Candela, >6000 feet, Dec. 1953, R. Hartmann, from tapir, 12 males, 12 females ; Upper Rio Changuinola (Bocas del Toro) , >6000 feet, 10 May 1959, R. Hartmann, from tapir, 36 males, 12 females; Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), 2400 feet, 16 Sept. 1960, C. M. Keenan and C. E. Yunker, from tapir, 16 males, 12 females ; Rio Changena, >6000 feet, 8 Sept. 1961, V. J. Tipton, from man, 1 female. We feel that the tapir is probably the true host of this tick in the adult stage. The female of the species was described by Clifford and Kohls from speci- mens from Rio Candela and Rio Changuinola. Dermacentor halli Mclntosh Dermacentor halli Mclntosh, 1931, Jour. Parasit., 18: 124 (brief description) ; 1932, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82, art. 4, pp. 1-6, figs. Cooley, 1938, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 171, pp. 55-58, figs. Arthur, 1960, Ticks, pt. 5, pp. 69-74, figs. The previous range of this species was from Yucatan, Mexico, north to extreme southern Texas, and the hosts were peccary and skunk. Our rec- ords are all from the vicinity of Cerro Punta (Chiriqui) , at about 5000 feet, collected by V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan (unless otherwise indicated), as follows : 3 May 1960, from rodent nest, 4 males, 1 female, 1 nymph ; 4 May 1960, from rodent nest, 2 males; 10 Jan. 1961, C. E. Yunker, from mouse, 1 male reared from nymph ; 6 March 1962, from Coendou mexicanus, 2 males, 1 female; 11 March 1962, same host, 1 male; 8 March 1962, same host, 7 males, 2 females ; 6 March 1962 from Myotis nigricans, 1 nymph ; Bambito (Chiriqui), 12 March 1962, from Coendou mexicanus, 1 male, 2 females; same data, 5 males, 1 nymph. The specimen from Myotis is possibly a stray. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory has records of this species as follows : from peccary, Los Pozos (Sinaloa) , Mexico, 26 Dec. 1937, 1 male ; from man or vegetation, Taninul (San Luis Potosi) , 24 Aug. 1961, 1 male, R. B. Eads ; from Coendou mexicanus, San Pedro Yepocapa (Chimaltenango), Guate- mala, April 1949, 5 males, 3 females, H. T. Dalmat ; same host, locality and collector, 9 Feb. 1950, 1 female; and 15 April 1951, 8 males, 3 females; same host and collector, Acatenango (Chimaltenango), Guatemala, 8 Feb. 1951, 1 male, 2 females ; from sloth, near San Jose, Costa Rica, March 1962, J. J. Shaw, 1 female. 186 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA The specimens from Panama, Costa Rica, and Guatemala differ some- what from those from Texas and Mexico. They are more slender and nar- rowed anteriorly, the palpi are thinner, the porose areas tend to be larger, and the females from Panama have the cornua much reduced or absent. If these ticks are actually D. halli as we assume them to be, it is strange that there are no records of this species from peccaries in Panama or elsewhere in Central America. Dermacentor imitans Warburton Dermacentor imitans Warburton, 1933, Parasitology, 24: 559-560, figs. Cooley, 1937, Jour. Parasit., 23: 261, figs. Arthur, 1962, Ticks, pt. 5, pp. 97-98, figs. This species, previously known only from the type lot consisting of 12 males and 1 female from peccary, Tayassu tajacu, (=Pecari angulatus), at Turrialba, Costa Rica, is now known from Panama, Guatemala and Mexico as detailed below. Our Panama material consists of 6 lots as follows: Rio Candela, (Chiri- qui) , 20 Aug. 1954, R. Hartmann, from man, 1 male ; near Almirante (Bocas del Toro) , 9 Feb. 1960, C. M. Keenan and V. J. Tipton, from collared peccary, Tayassu tajacu, 2 males ; Timishik, Rio Teribe (Bocas del Toro) , May 1962, from Tayassu tajacu, 10 males, 4 females ; Cerro Pirre (Darien) , 2 Feb. 1961, C. M. Keenan and C. E. Yunker, from Tayassu tajacu, 1 female; same lo- cality, host and collectors, 5 Feb. 1961, 3 males; same locality, 6 Feb. 1961, C. E. Yunker and V. J. Tipton, from work table with animal skins, host un- known, 1 male. All the localities are in the highlands, over 3000 feet, ex- cept the collection from Bocas del Toro Province. The collections of the Rocky Mountain Laboratory contain 1 male of this species from Tayassu sp. taken at Santa Clara near Cabanas (Zacapa), Guatemala, 1 Aug. 1948, at 5500 feet elevation by R. D. Mitchell and Luis de la Torre, Chicago Natural History Museum Guatemala Zoological Expedi- tion. There are also 3 lots from El Ocote, Ocozocoautla (Chiapas), Mexico, 2000 feet elevation, collected by Miguel Alvarez del Toro, with data as fol- lows : 1 male, 2 females from Tayassu sp., 4 May 1946 ; 1 male, same host and date ; and 2 males from Mazama americana, 25 May 1950. The latter speci- mens are probably strays. Genus Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) Ixodes sanguineus Latreille, 1806, Gen. Crust. Ins., 1: 157. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), Dunn, 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2), p. 94. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6) , p. 583. Cooley, 1946, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 187, pp. 24-29, figs. The common brown dog tick, is found on nearly all dogs throughout Panama. Fairchild removed nearly a pint of ticks from a stray mongrel several years ago. Infestation of houses by this tick is not uncommon, and often leads to excited inquiries on the part of the householders, though we have not encountered evidence of the ticks actually biting man. We have FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 187 occasional records from animals in captivity, such as marmosets, capybara, and domestic rabbit, but these are no doubt accidental. Genus Boophilus Curtice, 1891 Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) Haemaphysalis micropla Canestrini, 1887, Atti Soc. Veneto Trent. Sci. Nat., 11 : 104. Margaropus annulatus australis (Fuller) , Dunn, 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2) , p. 95. Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 586. Cooley, 1946, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 187, pp. 17-22, figs, (with Uro- boophilus cyclops Minning as synonym). Uroboophilus cyclops Minning, 1934, Zeitschr. Parasitenk., 7: 33, figs. This is the most abundant tick on cattle throughout Panama. We have records from as high as Cerro Punta, (5800 feet), in Chiriqui Province. Aside from twenty-three records from cattle, we have three records from horse, three from pig, and one each from goat and deer. Dunn (1923) re- corded it, as Margaropus annulatus australis Fuller, from dogs as well. He also recorded the North American cattle tick, B. annulatus, from a recently imported bull, but it does not seem to have become established here. Genus Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES MALES AND FEMALES Palpal segment 3 with a very short retrograde ventral spur; ventral cornua present; hypostome with dentition 3/3 leporispalustris Palpal segment 3 with a long retrograde ventral spur; ventral cornua absent; hypostome with dentition 4/4 or 5/5 juxtakochi NYMPHS Coxa I with a small external spur ; palpal segment 2 ventrally with 4 or more stout hairs on the internal margin leporispalustris Coxa I with external spur absent; palpal segment 2 ventrally with 2 fine hairs on the internal margin juxtakochi LARVAE Cornua present on basis capituli dorsally; scutum relatively narrower (approxi- mately 0.25 mm. long, 0.30 mm. wide) leporispalustris Cornua absent; scutum relatively broader (approximately 0.24 mm. long, 0.37 mm. wide) juxtakochi Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley Haemaphysalis kochi Aragao, 1908, Trab. Inst. Manguinhos, pp. 3-6 (reprint). Cooley, 1946, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 187, pp. 44-47, figs. Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946, loc. cit., no. 187, pp. 48-51, figs. Kohls, 1960, Jour. Parasit. 46, 3, pp. 356-358, figs. (H. kochi Aragao and H. kohlsi Aragao and Fonseca, 1951 reduced to synonyms of H. juxtakochi.) Haemaphysalis kohlsi Aragao and Fonseca, 1951, Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 49: 574 (new name for H. kochi Aragao preoccupied by H. concinna var. kochi Neumann, 1905) . Dunn (1923) and Fairchild (1943) recorded this species (as H. kochi) from deer (Odocoileus) and tapir, and on vegetation, while Kohls (1960) re- 188 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA corded the species from Odocoileus and Mazama. Subsequent collections are all from the Canal Zone area, as follows : Gamboa road, 14 March 1961, N. B. Gale, from Nasua nasua dead on road, 3 nymphs ; Juan Mina, 10 March 1944, GML, from peccary, 1 nymph ; Rio Casaya, 27 Feb. 1944, GML, from collared peccary, 1 nymph ; Summit Gardens, 29 Aug. 1959, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, from O. virginianus, 24 males, 15 females ; vicinity of Gamboa, 24 Oct. 1959, same collectors and host, 7 males, 6 females ; Cerro Tigre, 4 July 1961, same collectors and host, 7 males, 3 females; Curundu, 10 March 1961, same collectors, from Coendou rothschildi, 1 nymph ; Barro Colorado Island, 15 July 1960, same collectors, from Tapirus bairdii, 1 female. Deer, especially Odocoileus, seem to be the preferred hosts of the adults, while nymphs have been secured from a variety of animals. Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard) Ixodes leporis-palustris Packard, 1869, Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. 67. Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Packard), Dunn, 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2), p. 96. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 586. Cooley, 1946, Nat. Inst. Hlth. Bull., no. 187, pp. 31-36, figs. Kohls, 1960, Jour. Parasit., 46, (3), pp. 355-361. Dunn (1923) recorded specimens from domestic rabbit and Dasyprocta sp., while Kohls (1960) gave a number of records from Sylvilagus and birds. Nearly all of our specimens were taken from Sylvilagus brasiliensis, as fol- lows: Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), 1 May 1960, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, 2 females; Rio Mandinga (San Bias), 29 May 1957, P. Galindo, 6 males, 3 nymphs, 1 larva ; 2 May 1957, same locality and collector, 2 females ; Cerro Azul (Panama) , 15 March 1961, C. E. Yunker, 1 female held for oviposition, eggs and larvae secured ; 22 March 1961, same locality and collector, 8 males, 2 females, 2 nymphs; Bambito (Chiriqui), 5100 feet elevation, 7 and 13 March 1962, V. J. Tipton, 1 male, 4 females, 4 nymphs, 1 larva ; Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), 5300 feet elevation, 11 March 1962, V. J. Tipton, 2 males, 2 fe- males, 2 nymphs; Las Palmitas (Los Santos), 19 and 28 Feb., and 1 March 1962, V. J. Tipton (4 lots), 47 males, 13 females, 40 nymphs, 2 larvae; El Hato (Chiriqui), 7 Jan. 1961, L. C. Wislocki and C. E. Yunker, from Pero- myscus sp., 1 larva. Genus Amblyomma Koch, 1844 KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES MALES 5 1. Marginal groove complete, limiting all festoons 2 Marginal groove incomplete or absent 10 2. Coxa I with two long equal or subequal spurs, both spurs at least twice as long as broad 3 Coxa I with one or both spurs short or medium 6 5 Excluding crassum Robinson, 1926. We have not seen males but we believe the description by Mendez and Ortiz (1957) may be that of another species, perhaps sab- anerae. FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 189 3. Spurs on coxa I very long and acute, much longer than the spur on coxa IV, the external spur slightly curved outward near the tip. Body elongate oval ovale Spurs on coxa I as long as spur on coxa IV or shorter 4 4. Coxa I with broad stout spurs. Scutum with punctations numerous, large and deep coelebs Coxa I with slender acute spurs. Scutum with punctations few and fine 5 5. Body broad oval. Elements of scutal pattern all of about equal intensity. Medium sized species tapirellum Body elongate oval, lateral margins subrectilinear. Longitudinal elements of scutal pattern accentuated, giving a more striped appearance. Very small species oblong oguttatum 6. Scutum with elongate, keel-like ridge in posteromedian area pecarium Scutum without keel-like ridge 7 7. Palpal segment 1 with a stout ventral retrograde spur. Trochanters I-IV each with a small ventral spur. Scutum inornate or very slightly ornate. Small species 8 Palpal segment 1 without ventral spur. Trochanters without spurs. Scutum distinctly ornate 9 8. Coxa I with internal spur much shorter than the external. Scutum inornate parvum Coxa I with short sub-equal spurs. Scutal ornamentation indistinct or absent auricularium 9. Capitulum sub-rectangular. Coxae II and III each with spurs in the form of a broad salient ridge ; a long stout spur on coxa IV cajennense Capitulum trapezoidal. Coxae II-IV each with a short triangular spur. Ventral plaques large geayi 10. Marginal groove incomplete, terminating posteriorly at the third festoon on each side. Body large, elongate oval. Ventral plaques large. Coxa I with two small unequal spurs; coxae II-IV each with a single short, pointed spur longirostre Marginal groove absent 11 11. Coxae II-IV each with two spurs (internal spur of IV sometimes absent). Para- sites of reptiles and amphibians 12 Coxae II-IV each with a single spur. Parasites of mammals 13 12. Dentition of hypostome 3/3. Coxal spurs pointed and not notably flattened; in- ternal spurs much smaller than the externals. Scutum smooth; ornamentation not limited primarily to the anterolateral fields; punctations scattered, unequal in size, larger in the peripheral areas dissimile Dentition of hypostome 4/4. Coxal spurs broadly rounded, blunt, subequal. Scutum roughened by small areas of punctation-free elevations; ornamentation limited primarily to the anterolateral fields; punctations dense, coarse and deep sabanerae 13. Coxa I with two long contiguous equal or sub-equal spurs 14 Coxa I with one or both spurs short or medium 15 14. Palpal segment 1 ventrally with a broad flattened expansion; segment 2 with a pronounced salient ridge surrounding the posterior border and forming dors'ally a strong retrograde spine nodosum Palpal segment 1 ventrally without broad expansion ; segment 2 without posterior salient ridge but posterodorsal margin pointed calcaratum 15. Coxa I with external spur long and pointed, the internal spur short and blunt. Festoons, except the first and median, each bearing a small posteriorly-directed tubercle. Scutum flat; punctations numerous, shallow. Small species, .naponense Coxa I with subequal spurs 16 16. Small species; scutum less than 4.5 mm. long, indistinctly ornate; punctations numerous, small. Parasite of pacas primarily pacae Large species, scutum more than 4.5 mm. long 17 190 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA 17. Spurs of coxa I short, approximately as long as wide, well separated. Integument yellowish. Scutum with indistinct ornamentation and with numerous small deep punctations. Cornua very short and broad. Parasite of anteaters pri- marily pictum Spurs of coxa I medium, approximately twice as long as broad, contiguous. Scutum with ornamentation much reduced but distinct. Punctation numerous, coarse, absent from three or four small isolated elevated areas on each side and a similar median area. Cornua long. Parasite of sloths primarily varium FEMALES 1. Coxa I with equal or subequal spurs 2 Coxa I with the external spur much longer than the internal 14 2. Coxa I with long spurs, more than twice as long as broad 3 Coxa I with medium or short spurs 6 3. Coxa I with slender spurs 4 Coxa I with stout spurs 11 4. Coxa I with very long acute spurs, the external slightly curved outward near its tip ovale Coxa I with moderately long spurs, apical portion of external spur not curved .... 5 5. Genital apron overlaid on each side posterolaterally by a conspicuous, blunt, flattened projection darker in color than the apron and adjacent integument. Punctations not limited to anterior half of scutum tapirellum Genital apron overlaid on each side with an inconspicuous, long, slender projection. Punctations very scant on posterior half scutum oblong 'oguttatum 6. Coxa II-IV with two spurs (internal spur of IV sometimes absent). Parasites of reptiles and amphibians 7 Coxa II-IV with one spur. Parasites of warm-blooded hosts 9 7. Hypostome dentition 3/3. Internal spur of coxa IV very small, sometimes absent dissimile Hypostome dentition 4/4 8 8. Very large species; scutum over 4 mm. wide. Coxae II-IV each with a pair of short rounded plate-like spurs connected by a salient sharp-edged ridge . . . crassum Smaller species; scutum less than 3.5 mm. wide. Spurs of coxae II-IV distinctly separated sabanerae 9. Large species; scutum approximately 3 mm. wide; punctations numerous, coarse or medium. Basis capituli with cornua. Hypostome dentition 4/4 10 Small species; scutum approximately 2 mm. wide; punctations numerous, fine. Cornua absent. Hypostome dentition 3/3 auricularium 10. Spurs of coxa I short, about as long as wide. Scutum with punctations medium in size, uniformly distributed. Parasite of anteaters primarily pictum Spurs of coxa I about twice as long as wide. Scutum with large deep punctations, these usually few or absent from median field near posterior margin. Para- site of sloths primarily varium 11. Scutum with extensive pale ornamentation. Palpal segment 1 ventrally with a large elongate flattened plate coelebs Scutum extensively dark-colored 12 12. Scutum inornate or indistinctly ornate. Coxa I with external spur the longer, .pacae Scutum usually distinctly ornate. Coxa I with spurs equal 13 13. Scutum with ornamentation consisting of an irregular pale spot in the posterior angle and sometimes one also in each posterolateral field. Palpi slender and smooth calcaratum Scutum with ornamentation in the form of a pale spot in the posterior angle and a Y-shaped figure in each lateral field. Palpi heavier and more rugose, segment 2 with an oblique ridge dorsally nodosum 14. Scutum ornate 15 Scutum inornate; small, about 1.5 mm. wide parvum FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 191 15. Coxae II and III with broad flat ridge-like spurs much broader than long 16 Coxae II and III with spurs scarcely broader than long 17 16. Palpal segment 2 about two and one-half times as long as segment 3. Festoons ventrally somewhat rugose and poorly denned, first four on each side of the median each with a well-developed tubercle at the posterointernal angle. Internal spur of coxa I broad, blunt pecarium Palpal segment 2 about twice as long as segment 3. Festoons ventrally smooth and clearly defined, each except the median, with a much smaller tubercle at the posterointernal angle. Internal spur of coxa I narrower and more sharply pointed cajennense 17. A small to medium-sized species. Coxa I with external spur long, slender, pointed; internal spur, short, blunt, stout. Scutum with extensive pale ornamentation naponense Large species. Coxa I with both spurs short, flat; internal spur very small. Scutum mostly dark colored 18 18. Scutum cordiform, about as long as wide, with irregular pale areas in the postero- median field geayi Scutum elongate oval, indistinctly ornate with an irregular longitudinal pale area in the median field. Hypostome very long and sharply pointed. Legs, especially IV, notably long longirostre Amblyomma auricularium (Conil) Ixodes auricularius Conil, 1878, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Exact., 3: 99-110, figs. Amblyomma concolor Neumann, 1899, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 12: 222. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 66-69, figs. Amblyomma auricularium (Conil), Lahille, 1905, An. Minist. Agric., Secc. Zootec. Bact., Vet., Zool., 2, (2), pp. 34, 145-148, figs. Aragao, 1935, Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 30, (3), p. 528 (with A. concolor as synonym). Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), pp. 583-584. Amblyomma curruca Schulze, 1936, Zeitschr. Parasitenk., 8, (6), pp. 621-622. New synonymy. This is an abundant species whose chief hosts appear to be armadillos, although it has been taken in smaller numbers on a variety of other mam- mals, especially marsupials and edentates. It appears to range throughout the Republic, though most of our records are from the drier Pacific side and all are from elevations below 500 feet. We have specimens from the fol- lowing hosts : Dasypus novemcinctus (22 lots, 164 males, 122 females, 28 nymphs, 7 larvae) ; Cabassous centralis (1 lot, 1 male, 2 nymphs) ; Taman- dua tetradactyla (12 lots, 14 males, 13 females) ; Didelphis marsupialis (2 lots, 3 males, 1 female) ; Philander opossum (3 lots, 4 males, 4 females, 13 nymphs, 5 larvae) ; Sigmodon hispidus (2 lots, 2 females reared from 2 nymphs) ; Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (1 lot, 1 male) ; Nasua nasua (1 lot, 2 males) ; domestic dog (1 lot, 1 male) ; animal burrows, probably dug by armadillos (2 lots, 1 male, 1 female, many nymphs). The three lots from Philander consisted, in part, of engorged nymphs from which adults were reared. The range of this species extends from Mexico to Argentina. Examination of the types of A. curruca by Kohls revealed that this spe- cies is a synonym of A. auricularium, not of A. parvum as stated by Aragao and Fonseca (1953). 192 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) Acarus cajennensis Fabricius, 1787, Mant. Insect., p. 372. Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius), Dunn, 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2), p. 96; 1934, Psyche, 41, (3), p. 182; 1934, Jour. Parasit., 20, (5), p. 312. Robin- son, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 48-54, figs. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 584. Cooley and Kohls, 1944, Jour. Parasit, 30, (2), pp. 83-87, figs. Aragao and Fonseca, 1953, Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 51: 485-488. Kohls, 1958, Jour. Parasit., 44, (4), pp. 430-433, figs. Although this is an abundant species, it is interesting that adults are not often taken from wild hosts. Our records, therefore, do not adequately indi- cate its abundance, since collections from domestic animals have been few and confined to small samples of the population of ticks on any one animal. For this reason no numbers of ticks collected are given below in the host list. The species seems to be present in most parts of the country up to elevations of over 5000 feet, but is most abundant in the drier areas and where cultiva- tion has reduced the original forest cover. Our records are, as with most species of Amblyomma, confined almost wholly to adults, as nymphs and larvae are not yet identifiable with certainty: Horse (24 lots), cattle (20 lots), man (13 lots), dog (5 lots), horse-baited mosquito traps (3 lots), Tamandua (3 lots), Didelphis (2 lots), deer (2 lots), domestic hog (2 lots), chicken (2 lots) , on vegetation and ground (2 lots) , tapir, peccary, Dasypus, goat and a hawk, Buteo magnirostris (1 lot each). As can be seen by the above, horses and cattle seem to be the preferred hosts of the adults. Most of the collections from man consist of one or a few specimens taken crawling on the clothing, though the species will attack if given the opportunity. It is probably the larvae of this species which form the bulk of the seed ticks which attack man in enormous numbers during the dry season. The range of A. cajennense extends from southern Texas and islands of the Caribbean to Argentina. In Panama, natural infection of this tick with the etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia rickettsi, has been demonstrated by Rodaniche (1953) and the species is believed to be a vector here as in Mexico, Colombia and Brazil. Amblyomma calcaratum Neumann Amblyomma calcaratum Neumann, 1899, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 12: 226. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 191-194, figs. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 584. This large tick is almost restricted to anteaters ; of 24 lots, 20 are from Tamandua tetradactyla and one from Myrmecophaga tridactyla, the latter a rare animal in Panama. Two of the remaining lots, collected by L. H. Dunn from Choloepus hoffmanni, include 5 adults, Panama, and 1 female from Rio Abajo (Panama), 28 Sept. 1931. One lot is from Mazama americana, 1 male, Rio Teribe (Bocas del Toro) , 10 Aug. 1962. We have studied 62 males, 24 females, from localities on both coasts and from Darien to Bocas del Toro Provinces, but not from any elevations over 2500 feet. This species is often found together with A. nodosum on the same animal, and has a similar geo- graphic range in Panama. FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 193 In addition to Panama, this species has been recorded from Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil, and Paraguay. The Rocky Mountain Lab- oratory collection contains 1 male, San Rafael, Trinidad, 27 Feb. 1947, from Tamandua tetradactyla longicauda, Frank Wonder, Chicago Natural His- tory Museum; 5 males, Rio Guapaya, La Macarena (Meta), Colombia, 21 March 1957, from Tamandua sp., K. von Sneidern, Chicago Natural History Museum; 1 male, 1 female, San Jose, Costa Rica, 5 Feb. 1934, from "small anteater", F. Nevermann ; 7 males, 2 females, Kate's Lagoon, British Hon- duras, 26 Feb. 1940, from "lesser anteater", I. T. Sanderson, Chicago Natural History Museum. Amblyomma coelebs Neumann Amblyomma coelebs Neumann, 1899, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 12: 223. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 30-33. Dunn, 1934, Jour. Parasit., 20, (5), p. 312; Psyche, 41, (3), p. 182. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 584. Dias, 1958, An. Inst. Med. Trop., 15, (2), pp. 507-508 (with A. bispinosum Neumann as synonym). Amblyomma bispinosum Neumann, 1906, Arch. Parasit., 10, (2), p. 204. Dunn (1934, 1934a) recorded this species from tapir and horse, Progreso (Chiriqui), and from three tapirs from Summit (Canal Zone), and Aguas Buenas (Panama). Fairchild (1943) added records of single specimens from tapir and horse. Subsequent records, mostly from tapir, are as fol- lows : Cerro Azul (Panama) , 12 May 1957, GML, from tapir, 1 female and 4 nymphs presumably this species; Rio Chico Hydrographic Station, Upper Rio Chagres (Panama), 20 March 1948, GML, from tapir, 8 males, 2 fe- males ; Rio Tuira at mouth of Rio Paya (Darien) , 25 Feb. 1958, P. Galindo, from Agouti paca, 1 female ; same locality, 3 July 1958, P. Galindo, no host, free; Rio Mandinga (San Bias), 18 May 1957, GML, no host, free; Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro), 2400 feet, 2 Aug. 1961, R. Hartmann, from tapir, 5 males ; same locality 16 Sept. 1961, C. M. Keenan and C. E. Yunker, from tapir, 1 male; Rio Teribe (Bocas del Toro), 10 Aug. 1962, GML, 6 males, 6 females, from Tapirus bairdii; Porto Bello Trail, Continental Di- vide (Panama), 30 May 1914, Hallinan, no host, 1 female; Barro Colorado Island (Canal Zone) , 30 March 1924, in woods, no host, 3 females. The range of this species extends from Mexico to Brazil and northern Argentina. In addition to hosts mentioned above, we have seen specimens from Mazama americana in Mexico and from cattle in Nicaragua. Amblyomma crassum Robinson Amblyomma crassum Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 177-179, figs. Osorno-Mesa, 1941, An. Acad. Nac. Med., 1938-40, pp. 413, 422, 425-426. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 584. Mendez and Ortiz, 1957, Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. LaSalle, 17: 190-199, figs. Dias-Ungria, 1957, Rev. Sanid. Asist. Social, 22, (5-6), p. 459. Dias, 1958, An. Inst. Trop. Med., 15, (3), pp. 496-497 (as synonym of A. humerale Koch). Although we have not taken this species in Panama, we include it because it was described from "Darien Country, Colombia," which may have been within the present boundaries of Panama. The description was based on a female found on a "land-tortoise". Available specimens recorded by Fair- 194 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA child (1943) as this species or sabanerae Stoll or humerale Koch prove to be sabanerae, and there are as yet no authentic records of the occurrence of either crassum or humerale in Panama. Mendez and Ortiz (1957) described the male and redescribed the female which they believed to be crassum found on "land-tortoise (Testudo sp.)" from the territory of the Delta Amacuro in Venezuela but their descriptions and figures appear to be those of another species, perhaps sabanerae. Os- orno-Mesa (1941) included both sexes in his key and recorded males from land turtles taken in two localities in Intendencia del Meta, Colombia. Dias- Ungria (1957) recorded specimens from Testudo sp. in Venezuela. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection contains a female taken from "Tes- tudo tabulata" (=Geochelone sp.), Unguia, Golfo de Uraba, Choco, Colom- bia, March, 1950, P. Hershkovitz, Chicago Natural History Museum ; and a female found on a log, Sheshea River Basin at the headwaters of the Peru- vian Amazon, Peru, 1960 or 1961, by G. E. Dickinson and received from Dr. R. E. Ryckman of Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California. Amblyomma dissimile Koch Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844, Arch. Naturg., 10: 225. Dunn, 1918, Jour. Parasit., 5, (1), pp. 1-10; 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2), p. 97. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 163-167. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 584. Cooley and Kohls, 1944, Jour. Parasit., 30, (2), pp. 98-102, figs. Aragao and Fonseca, 1953, Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 51: 489 (with A. deminutivum Neumann, 1899 as synonym). Dias, 1958, An. Inst. Med. Trop., 15, (2), pp. 494-496 [as synonym of A. bibroni (Gervais), 1842]. This is the common reptile tick in Panama. Dunn (1923) found that over 60 percent of the snakes, 72 percent of the toads and 84 percent of the iguana lizards he examined were infested. Dunn (1918) also made a study of the life history of this tick. Fairchild (1943) noted that laboratory infes- tations on captive snakes were severe enough to kill the snakes. In one case, 190 ticks were removed from a single small fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox) . Tipton more recently secured 1800 ticks of all stages from a single snake. All stages are frequently found on a single host animal. The bulk of our material has come from the Canal Zone and vicinity, with no specimens from elevations over 800 feet. We have about 95 lots containing adults, mostly from snakes and iguanas, and an additional 22 lots of nymphs and/or larvae, mostly from lizards, which are probably this species. Two unusual records are 1 male, 1 nymph, 2 larvae from a hatchling aquatic turtle, Pseudemys scripta, Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 20 Aug. 1961, J. M. Legler, and 1 male from boat-billed heron, Cochlearius cochlearius, Juan Mina, Chagres River, 5 April 1962, C. L. Hayward. The range of this species extends from Florida, Mexico, and the West Indies, to Argentina. Dias (1958) maintains that Neumann's (1899) summary of the Gervais (1842) and Packard (1869) descriptions of Ixodes bibroni applies to A. dis- simile but we prefer to retain dissimile as the valid name of this species. FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 195 Amblyomma geayi Neumann Amblyomma geayi Neumann, 1899, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 12: 223-224; 1901, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 14: 299. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 59-61, figs. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 584. Bias, 1961, An. Serv. Veter. Mozambique, 7: 240-242 [as synonym of A. perpunctatum (Packard), 1869]. We have secured some 60 lots of this species, practically all from our two species of sloth, Bradypus infuscatus, the three-toed sloth, and Choloepus hoffmanni, the two-toed sloth. The former is much more often seen, as it feeds on the foliage of the Guarumo (Cecropia pentandra) a common sec- ond-growth tree in the Canal Zone and elsewhere in the lowlands of Panama. Sloths are frequently encountered crossing highways and are then easily captured, or their corpses may be searched for ticks. However, they are seldom seen and difficult to secure in less inhabited areas, since they are hard to collect from the tree tops. This we believe accounts for the fact that with the exception of three lots from Bocas del Toro Province, all our material is from the Canal Zone or immediate vicinity. We have 35 lots from Bradypus, 227 males, 36 females, 8 nymphs ; 12 lots from Choloepus, 36 males, 12 fe- males ; and 8 lots from unidentified sloths, 47 males, 8 females, 2 nymphs, 1 larva. In addition we have a single nymph from the woolly opossum, Calu- romys derbianus, and 2 males, 1 female, said to be from "Eaton's opossum", which may refer to Didelphis marsupialis etensis. The remaining lots are without host, but are probably from sloths. Nymphs, possibly of this spe- cies, are occasionally taken with adults on sloths. This species, originally described from specimens from Brazil and "Darien (Colombie)" which may have been within the present boundaries of Panama, is also recorded from British Guiana and French Guiana. In addition, the Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection contains specimens from Choloepus, Iquitos (Loreto) , Peru, Sept. 3, 1956, C. Kalinowski, Chicago Nat- ural History Museum. After reviewing the literature, Bias (1961) concluded that A. geayi is the species that was very inadequately described by Packard (1869) as Ixodes perpunctatus. We cannot accept his conclusion and we regard A. geayi as the valid name of this species. Amblyomma longirostre (Koch) Haemalastor longirostris Koch, 1844, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 223. Amblyomma longirostre (Koch), Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 137-140, figs., syn- onymy. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 585. Amblyomma avecolens Cooley and Kohls, 1944, Jour. Parasit., 30, (2), pp. 107-109, figs. New synonymy. This species appears to be a specific parasite of porcupines, all our rec- ords of adults and those of Dunn (1923) being from Coendou rothschildi. The males are sometimes found attached to the spines of the host as noted by some earlier workers. Aragao (1936) says that the larvae and generally the nymphs are parasites of birds, and we have nymphs from seven species of birds in Panama. We have records only from the Canal Zone and Darien Province, listed below, but porcupines are uncommon or at least seldom 196 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA taken, so that we know little of the distribution of either host or tick in Pan- ama. It is noteworthy that a series of the highland porcupine, Coendou mexicanus, was not infested with this tick, but with Dermacentor halli. From the Canal Zone : Gatun, 2 Jan. 1932, L. H. Dunn, 1 male, 1 nymph ; Juan Mina, 24 April 1940, GML, 2 females ; Fort Sherman, 30 July 1959, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, 1 male, 1 female ; same locality and collectors, 29 July 1960, 1 female; same locality, F. S. Blanton, 29 June 1951, 1 male; Curundu, 10 March 1961, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, 5 males, 1 female; same locality, 19 April 1962, C. E. Yunker, 1 male; Pedro Miguel River, 28 Feb. 1962, V. J. Tipton, 9 males ; Barro Colorado Island, 4 March 1955, C. Rettenmeyer, without host data, 1 female, Kansas University 955. Of nymphs, we have records from the following: Saltator albicollis, Saltator maximus, Icterus chrysater, Xiphorhynchus sp., Malacoptila panamensis, Cymbilaimus lineatus, Cacicus microrhynchus and Querula purpurata, all but one belonging to the Passerif ormes. Five of the 12 lots of nymphs were from the vicinity of Cerro Pirre (Darien) , at about 1600 feet, the rest from Canal Zone localities. Some of the undetermined nymphs and larvae from birds discussed elsewhere in this paper may also be longirostre. The known breeding range of this species, as evidenced by collections of adults, extends from Panama to Brazil but nymphs are found occasionally on birds as far north as the United States. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection contains nymphs reported by Cooley and Kohls (1944) as ave- colens from British Honduras and southern Texas, as well as a nymph taken off the base of the bill of a cardinal at Nashville, Tennessee, 17 July 1947, and several nymphs from birds in Chiapas, Mexico. Kohls has seen a nymph that was found on the throat of a white-eyed vireo in Leon County, Florida, 2 April 1957, L. J. Stannard, Illinois Natural History Survey. Amblyomma naponense (Packard) Ixodes naponensis Packard, 1869, Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. 65. Amblyomma naponense (Packard), Dunn, 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2), p. 99. Osorno-Mesa, 1941, An. Acad. Nac. Med., 1938-1940: 426 (with A. mantiquirense Aragao, 1908 as synonym). Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 585. Amblyomma mantiquirense Aragao, 1908, Brazil. Med., 22: 251-252. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 212-215, figs. Dunn, 1934, Psyche, 41, (3) , p. 182. Dunn (1923, 1934) records the species from Tamandua and collared pec- cary. Our collections, with few exceptions, are from collared peccary and are summarized as follows: Tayassu tajacu (13 lots, 11 males, 27 females) ; no host (3 lots, 6 males, 2 females) ; man (1 lot, 1 male, 1 female) ; Tamandua tetradactyla (1 lot, 1 female) ; Nasua nasua (1 lot, 2 females) ; raccoon (1 lot, 1 female) . This species appears to prefer the wetter areas of Panama, as we have material only from the Provinces of Darien, San Bias, Colon, Bocas del Toro and the Canal Zone. Only two collections, from Balboa and Fort Clayton in the Canal Zone, are from relatively dry areas. Only one collec- tion was made above 2000 feet. This species has also been recorded (as mantiquirense) from British FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 197 Guiana, French Guiana, and Brazil. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory col- lection contains specimens from Tayassu tajacu, Socorre, Upper Rio Sinu (Bolivar), Colombia, 12 March 1949, P. Hershkovitz, Chicago Natural His- tory Museum ; and from "wild pig", Sheshea River basin at the head of the Peruvian Amazon, Peru, 1960 or 1961, G. E. Dickinson, received from Dr. R. E. Ryckman, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, Calif. Amblyomma nodosum Neumann Amblyomma nodosum Neumann, 1899, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 12: 224-225. Dunn, 1923, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 3, (2), p. 98. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 196-199, figs. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 585. This species is rather easily confused with A. calcaratum, as the two are quite similar in gross appearance and both occur on the same host, often to- gether. We have 19 lots from Tamandua tetradactyla, one lot from Myrme- cophaga tridactyla, and one lot from unknown host, totaling 207 males, 48 fe- males, of which 95 males, 13 females came from one animal. It occurs throughout the lowlands, including at least San Jose Island in the Pearl Islands, but we have no records from elevations over 1000 feet. This species, the adults of which are parasitic only on anteaters so far as known, was described from specimens from Costa Rica and besides Panama, it has also been recorded from Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection contains 1 male, 2 females from "lesser anteater", El Recreo, Nicaragua, 9 Feb. 1951, W. H. Dickinson. Amblyomma oblongoguttalum Koch Amblyomma oblong oguttatum Koch, 1844, Arch. Naturg., 10: 228. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 33-36, figs. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 585. Kohls, 1958, Jour. Parasit., 44, (4), pp. 430-433. This is probably the commonest and most ubiquitous tick in Panama, at least at lower elevations. Our records indicate that it prefers forested coun- try, or at least areas of moderately high rainfall, since we have relatively few records of its occurrence in the drier areas of the Pacific coast. Dunn ( 1923 ) records it, as darlingi, from wild turkey, Crax panamensis (Crax rubra) from the Boqueron River region and from a black vulture, Catharista urubu (=Coragyps atratus), while Robinson (1926) records specimens from a turkey buzzard, Catharista atratus (=Coragyps atratus) from Empire (Canal Zone) . We have examined 131 lots of adults from 21 different mam- mal hosts listed below. Deer (Odocoileus) (18 lots) ; horse (17 lots) ; cattle (15 lots) ; dog (19 lots) ; peccary (13 lots) ; man (9 lots) ; Nasua nasua (10 lots) ; Tamandua tetradactyla (7 lots) ; tapir (7 lots) ; no host, free on vegetation, etc. (12 lots) ; domestic hog (3 lots) ; Mazama (2 lots) ; Dasyprocta (3 lots) ; sloth (Choloepus), Myrmecophaga tridactyla, goat, armadillo, Procyon cancri- vorus, Chironectes minimus, Cebus capuchinus, Eira barbara, and domestic cat, (1 lot each). According to Robinson (1926) and data of the Rocky Mountain Labora- tory, A. oblong oguttatum occurs from Sinaloa, Mexico to Brazil. The species 198 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA strongly resembles A. cajennense (Fabricius) and A. tapirellum Dunn but is separated by the characters given in the keys. Amblyomma ovale Koch Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844, Arch. Naturg., 10: 227. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 25-29, figs, (with synonyms including A. fossum Neumann, 1899, and A. striatum Koch, 1844). Vogelsang and Dias, 1953, Revista Med. Vet. Parasit., Caracas, 12, (1-4), pp. 70-74, figs, (with synonyms including A. fossum). Dias, 1958, An. Inst. Med. Trop., 15, (2), p. 507 (with A. fossum as synonym). Aragao and Fonseca, 1961, Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 59, (2) , pp. 131-148, figs, (detailed review of synonomy; redescribed). This tick ranges throughout the wetter forested regions of Panama at lower elevations, and we have one record from San Jose Island in Panama Bay. Dunn (1923, 1934) records specimens from Tamandua and tapir, while Fairchild (1943) believed dogs to be the most common host. We have examined 39 lots of adults from 16 different hosts, listed below in order of their abundance. One of the largest single lots, consisting of 17 males and 9 females, was from Nasua nasua, which also seems to be a favorite wild host. Over 60 percent of the recorded lots and over 80 percent of the total ticks were from carnivores. Nasua nasua (12 lots, 44 males, 15 females) ; dog (9 lots, 14 males, 10 females) ; man (7 lots, 5 males, 4 females) ; tapir (6 lots, 13 males, 11 fe- males) ; Felis pardalis (3 lots, 1 male, 2 females) ; Eira barbara (3 lots, 11 males, 4 females) ; horse (2 lots, 1 male, 1 female) ; Oryzomys sp. (2 lots, 2 males) ; Felis concolor (1 lot, 25 males, 1 female) ; Felis onca (1 lot, 2 males, 1 female) ; sloth (1 lot, 2 males) ; Felis yagouaroundi (1 lot, 1 male, 1 female) ; Procyon lotor (1 lot, 1 male, 1 female) ; and one specimen each from Procyon cancrivorus, armadillo, Galictis allamandi, and a bird, Arremonops conirostris. Engorged nymphs which subsequently molted to adults have been taken four times from Proechimys semispinosus, and once from Zygodontomys microtinus, so that rodents are perhaps important hosts for the earlier stages. Nymphs and larvae associated with adults on the same host, taken on several occasions, are not certainly ovale. Several authors refer to this species as A. fossum Neumann, 1899, de- spite the fact that Robinson (1926) compared numerous specimens of fossum from various places in South America with the types of ovale and found them to be the same. Dias (1958) examined the types of fossum and, in accordance with Robinson and Vogelsang and Dias (1953), found that this species is the same as ovale. Although Robinson also reduced striatum Koch, 1844, to a synonym of ovale, he noted that striatum differed somewhat but attributed this to variation. Most subsequent authors have regarded striatum as distinct, the most recent of these being Aragao and Fonseca (1961) who include fossum among the synonyms of ovale and recognize aureolatum Pallas, 1772, as the valid name for striatum. We have not seen specimens referable to aureolatum in our Panama material but a male from an unspecified locality in Darien, possibly within the present boundaries of Panama, was doubtfully determined by Neumann (1899) as striatum. FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 199 The range of ovale extends from Mexico to Argentina. A single male was removed from a dog on the Tama Indian Reservation in Iowa (Eddy and Joyce, 1942) but there is no evidence to suggest that the species is estab- lished there or elsewhere in the United States. Amblyomma pacae Aragao Amblyomma pacae Aragao, 1911, Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 3, (2), pp. 170-172, figs. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 209-211, figs. Aragao and Fonseca, 1953, Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 51 : 490 (with A. nigrum Tonelli Rondelli, 1939 as synonym) . Fairchild (1943) tentatively recorded this species from Agouti paca, a determination subsequently confirmed by Kohls. Since then, in spite of the ubiquity and abundance of its hosts, only a few additional collections of this species have been secured, as follows: Almirante (Bocas del Toro), 26 Jan. 1950, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, from Agouti paca, 1 female; Volcan (Chiriqui), 15 June 1959, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, from Dasyprocta punctata, 3 males, 3 females; vicinity of Juan Mina (Canal Zone), Jan. 1962, GML, from Agouti paca, 1 female; Fort Kobbe (Canal Zone), 18 Aug. 1955, G. Field, from paca, 1 female; Panama, L. H. Dunn, T-12, no other data, 1 female; Timishik, Rio Teribe (Bocas del Toro), May 1962, GML, from Agouti paca, 1 female. In addition to Panama this species is recorded from Brazil, Paraguay and Colombia, and the Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection contains a male from Agouti paca, Humming Bird Highway, British Honduras, 25 Dec. 1953, Dr. F. Manolson. Amblyomma parvum Aragao Amblyomma parvum Aragao, 1908, Trab. Inst. Manguinhos, pp. 18-19 (reprint). Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 37-38. Aragao and Fonseca, 1953, Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 51: 491 [with A. curruca Schulze, 1936, erroneously as synonym. Actually, A. curruca A, auricularium (Conil), 1878]. This appears to be a rare species in Panama. Dunn (1923) recorded it from deer (Odocoileus) and cotton rats (Sigmodon) and Fairchild (1943) added a single record from cattle. Review of some old material of Dunn's and a few additional lots taken more recently suggests that the species occurs mainly on the drier Pacific coast and that we do not know its favored host. Our scanty records follow : Parita (Herrera), 13 June 1931, L. H. Dunn, from cats, 3 females; Tumba Muerta (? Panama), 13 Sept. 1932, L. H. Dunn, from Tamandua, 1 female; Cocle Province, 3 Dec. 1942, H. S. Eakins, from cattle, 1 male, 1 female; Balboa (Canal Zone), 8 Dec. 1914, no host, American Museum of Natural History, 1 female; Paraiso (Canal Zone), May 1955, G. Field, from sloth, 1 female ; Fort Clayton (Canal Zone) , 7 Nov. 1960, C. E. Yunker, from man, attached, feeding, 1 female. Besides Panama, this species has been recorded from a wide variety of mammalian hosts from Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil, and Argentina. In addition, the Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection contains a male and a female taken on man, Finca Santa Cristina (Escuintla), Guatemala, 10 Sept. 1948, H. T. Dalmat, and 3 males from Urocyon cineroargenteus 200 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA guatemalae, Hacienda Miramar (Nenton) , Guatemala, 18 Nov. 1948, L. de la Torre, Chicago Natural History Museum. Excellent illustrations of adults of this tick are given by Boero (1957) . Amblyomma pecarium Dunn Amblyomma pecarium Dunn, 1933, Parasitology, 25, (3) , pp. 356-358, figs. Three male paratypes in bad condition remain at Gorgas Memorial Laboratory labeled Miraflores (Canal Zone), 11 Apr. 1932, R. Isaacs, Dunn no. 859, from Pecari angulatus bangsi. We have seen the following material, all from collared peccary, or wild pig, very probably collared peccary : Almi- rante (Bocas del Toro) , 9 Feb. 1960, V. J. Tipton and C. M. Keenan, 1 male ; Rio Tuira, mouth of Rio Paya (Darien), 28 Feb. 1958, GML, 1 male; Juan Mina (Canal Zone) 29 March 1946, many males, females, and nymphs; Almirante (Bocas del Toro), 1 March 1937, United Fruit Company Medical Department, 2 males; Fort Clayton (Canal Zone), 13 Sept. 1954, G. Field, 18 males, 1 female; Barro Colorado Island (Canal Zone), 2 Feb. 1961, C. E. Yunker, 7 males, 4 females. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection contains a female from "peccary", Humming Bird Highway, British Honduras, 25 Dec. 1953, F. Manolson, and three lots from jungles of El Ocote, Ocozocautla (Chiapas), Mexico, Miguel Alvarez del Toro, with data as follows: 7 males, 1 female from Tayassu tajacu, 4 May 1946; about 40 adults from Tayassu pecari, 4 May 1946; and 19 males, 12 females from Mazama americana, 25 May 1950. Whether this last lot is actually from a deer seems questionable since all other collections of pecarium are from peccaries. Amblyomma pictum Neumann Amblyomma pictum Neumann, 1906, Arch. Parasit., 10, (2), pp. 204-206. Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 238-240 (with A. conspicuum Aragao, 1913, as synonym). A singe female which appears to be this little-known species was found on an anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Rio Mandinga (San Bias), 25 May 1957, P. Galindo. This species has been previously reported from Brazil off Myrmecophaga tridactyla ( = Myrmecophaga jubata) and dog; from Argentina off dog though not included in Boero's (1957) list; and from French Guiana off Tamandua sp. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory collec- tion contains one of two males from giant anteater, upper New River (trib- utary of Courentyne), southern British Guiana, Sept. 1938, E. R. Blake, Chicago Natural History Museum. The dentition of the hypostome of these males is %, not % as stated by Neumann for this species. Aragao (1913) gave it as % in his description of A. conspicuum; Floch and Fauran (1958) gave it as % for their single male from French Guiana. Amblyomma sabanerae Stoll Amblyomma sabanerae Stoll, 1890, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arach., p. 23, figs, (female). Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 182-183, figs. Schulze, 1937, Zeitsch. Parasitenk., FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 201 9, (6), pp. 692-694, fig. (male). Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 584. Dias, 1958, An. Inst. Trop. Med., 15, (2), pp. 496-497 (as synonym of A, humerale Koch). Dunn (1923) recorded as A. humerale Koch, 2 males, 2 females taken from a tortoise (which he believed to be Testudo tabulata) on the Boqueron River (Panama), H. C. Clark. Later (1934) he recorded as humerale a single adult, sex not stated, from a tapir. We have not seen Dunn's speci- mens from Testudo but we have a sabanerae male, without data, determined by Bishopp as humerale, which may well be the specimen Dunn reported from tapir. Recent examination of specimens of Geochelone (= Testudo) from the San Bias coast did not yield any ticks, though several sabanerae were taken from specimens of Geoemyda from the same area. Whether ticks from Geochelone in Panama will be humerale, crassum (q.v.) , or sabanerae, must await re-examination of Dunn's specimens or the collection of new material. We have taken A. sabanerae fairly frequently on turtles of the genus Geoemyda, less frequently on other turtles and on iguanas and once on an opossum. The ticks are often attached on the carapace around the margin where they leave characteristic pits in the shell, recognizable for a consider- able period after the ticks have detached. Males outnumber females about three to one in our collections, perhaps due to their remaining attached longer. Adults may attach on the shell or on the skin of head and appendages. Dr. John M. Legler informs us that Geoemyda annulata is largely terrestrial, G. funeria, Kinosternon spp. and Pseudemys scripta are aquatic, at least as adults, although they come on land to lay their eggs or when moving from one body of water to another. Most of our material has come from the vi- cinity of the Canal Zone, though the species appears to range throughout the country at low elevations, as we have material from Darien and Bocas del Toro Provinces. In the subjoined list, the lots under "turtle" and Geoemyda sp. probably are largely from G. annulata, the commonest terrestrial turtle in this area. Geoemyda annulata (6 lots, 23 males, 4 females, 1 larva) ; Geoemyda funeria (2 lots, 6 males, 3 females, 3 nymphs, 11 larvae) ; Geoemyda sp. (6 lots, 21 males, 3 females, 3 nymphs) ; turtle (12 lots, 40 males, 15 females, 4 nymphs, 76 larvae) ; Pseudemys scripta (juveniles, 2 lots, 2 males) ; Kinosteron sp. (4 nymphs) ; Iguana iguana (2 lots, 7 males, 1 female) ; Marmosa robinsoni (1 male) ; crawling on man (1 female). We have also seen 1 female and 2 nymphs from Los Diamantes, vicinity of Guapiles (Limon) , Costa Rica, 29 July 1961, J. M. Legler, from Geoemyda funeria (juvenile) ; 1 nymph, Rio Sucio, Quezaltepeque, El Salvador, 4 July 1961, J. M. Legler, from Geoemyda pulcherina; and the Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection has 3 records from Mexico as follows : 1 male, 1 female from Island of Cozumal, Quintana Roo, 16 July 1951, L. J. Stannard, from Geoemyda areolata; 2 males from Chichen Itza (Yucatan), 24 July 1937, B. W. Andrews, from Terrapene yucatana, and 1 male, 1 female from Naya- rit, Dec. 1955, J. Cook, from Geoemyda sp. The types, 2 females from Guatemala, were from "a small terrapin known to the natives by the name of 202 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA la Sabanera." Schulze described the male from specimens from Colombia without further data. Dias (1958) reduced A. sabanerae and A. crassum to synonyms of A. humerale but we regard them as valid species separable by characters given in the keys. Amblyomma tapirellum Dunn Amblyomma tapirellum Dunn, 1933, Parasitology, 25, (3), pp. 353-355, figs.; 1934, Jour. Parasit., 20, (5), p. 312. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), p. 586. Kohls, 1958, Jour. Parasit., 44, (4), pp. 431-432. This species was described from tapir, and we have taken it from col- lared peccary, giant anteater and horse as well. The bulk of our material, however, consists of specimens found crawling on man or on the ground. It appears to be quite strictly limited to forest areas below about 2500 feet, mostly from the Canal Zone eastward into Darien Province ; we have only one record from western Panama (La Vaca, Chiriqui Province, 18 Feb. 1930, Dunn, from peccary, 3 males, 1 female). We did not take it on several tapirs examined in the highlands of Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro. To a certain extent it seems to replace A. cajennense as a human parasite in for- ested areas such as Barro Colorado Island, from which we have 27 lots of tapirellum totaling 101 specimens, but only 8 of cajennense, totaling 18 specimens. We have taken it only once from horse, in that case a pack animal used on a jungle field trip, and have secured no material from cattle or deer, in marked contrast to cajennense. We list our material below, by numbers of lots and specimens. Free on ground or vegetation (11 lots, 11 males, 21 females) ; man, on clothing (14 lots, 22 males, 32 females) ; collared peccary (5 lots, 9 males, 5 females) ; tapir (5 lots, 180 males, 36 females, 1 nymph) ; man, attached (1 lot, 1 male) ; Myrmecophaga tridactyla (1 lot, 3 males, 2 females) ; horse (1 lot, 5 males, 6 females) ; bat (Carollia perspicillata) (1 lot, 1 male) ; no recorded host (16 lots, 20 males, 31 females plus two large lots not counted). The specimen from bat is probably a stray from the collector. One of the large lots with no host data is labeled simply "T-l", and is from Dunn's collecting. It may well be part of the paratype series. Dunn (1933) described the species from an adult tapir collected at Summit (Canal Zone) and mentions additional specimens from two young tapirs taken subse- quently, but the dates of neither collection are given. Later (1934), he discusses the ticks taken from three tapirs, an adult killed at Summit (Canal Zone) , and two young specimens from Aguas Buenas (Panama) , again with no dates given. In the later paper, A. tapirellum is listed, with a reference to the earlier paper. We suspect that both references allude to the same lots of ticks, and that T-l refers to "Tapir No. 1" of the 1934 paper, the adult tapir from Summit. Data of the Rocky Mountain Laboratory extend the range of A. tapirel- lum to Nicaragua, Colombia and Venezuela and add cattle to the list of hosts parasitized by this tick. FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON I TICKS 203 Amblyomma varium Koch Amblyomma varium Koch, 1844, Arch. Naturg., 10: 224 (male). Neumann, 1899, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 12: 246-247 (redescription of male and description of var. albida, Chile) ; 1901, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., 14: 304-305 (female). Robinson, 1926, Ticks, pt. 4, pp. 205-209, figs. Amblyomma gertschi Cooley and Kohls, 1942, Pub. Hlth. Kept., 57, (46), pp. 1733- 1735, figs. Fairchild, 1943, Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., 23, (6), pp. 584-585. New synonymy. Robinson (1926) records specimens from Panama off Choloepus, as does Dunn (1923) . In the adult stage, this species, like geayi, appears to be restricted mainly to sloths but is less abundant. Both species appear to be slightly more abundant on Bradypus than on Choloepus. All material we have seen, except one female from Isla Bastimentos (Bocas del Toro) , has come from the Canal Zone or nearby Panama, as fol- lows: from Choloepus hoffmanni, two-toed sloth (16 lots, 30 males, 9 fe- males) ; Bradypus infuscatus, three-toed sloth (12 lots, 30 males, 9 females) ; from sloth (4 lots, 10 males, 2 females) ; no host (1 lot, 5 males) ; from "Eaton's opossum," probably Didelphis m. etensis (1 female). This species, originally described from specimens from Brazil, has been recorded from Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Argentina, and Chile (var. albida}. Vargas (1955) included it in his list of species occurring in Mexico, but its principal hosts, Bradypus and Choloe- pus, do not range that far northward and we doubt its presence there. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory collection contains a male and female (and reared larvae) from a sloth from near San Jose, Costa Rica, March 1962, J. J. Shaw; and a male said to be from "wild pig", Sheshea River basin at the headwaters of the Peruvian Amazon, Peru, 1960 or 1961, G. E. Dickin- son, received from Dr. R. E. Ryckman, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California. Dunn (loc. cit.) noted an engorged female of varium that weighed over 5 grams, the largest tick he had seen from Panama. We have two engorged females which weigh 6.4 grams each. Floch and Fauran (1958) had a speci- men from French Guiana measuring 32 mm. long, 30 mm. wide and weighing 7.5 grams. All males of A. varium that we have seen differ from the type of var. albida (Robinson, 1926, fig. 100) in being more broadly oval and in having long stout cornua as shown in fig. 2 of Cooley and Kohls (1942). Some males also have a long rather than a short spur on coxa IV. The dentition of the female hypostome is usually arranged % rather than % as stated by Robinson. In all males that we have seen it is % as given by all previous authors, except Floch and Fauran (1958) who stated that it is % Host-Parasite Relationships We have secured ticks from most of the larger mammals that are known to occur in Panama, as well as from a number of birds and reptiles. Specific identifications of the larger host mammals are reasonably accurate ; we have not attempted to identify subspecies. Many of the smaller rodents have been identified to species, but in some cases only a guess as to their generic 204 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA identity has been possible. Many of the specimens of ticks have been ac- companied by only the common name of the host. Names such as "tapir," "ocelot," "jaguar," and "armadillo" permit identification to species with fair certainty. Others such as "sloth," "wild boar," "wild turkey" pose dif- ficulties, as two or more species are referable to these names. Names such as "bird," "lizard," "turtle," "wild rat" hardly permit conjecture. A host-parasite list is given below. The scientific names of the mammals follow Charles O. Handley's checklist, which appears elsewhere in this volume. Most of the birds have been determined by Dr. Alexander Wetmore. The turtles were identified by Dr. John M. Legler, the other reptiles by var- ious individuals. In the list, following the scientific name of each host we have given : (1) the number of specimens of the host from which ticks have been taken ; (2) the species of ticks in order of their frequency on the host, followed by a number in parentheses indicating the number of individual host specimens that were found infested with that species. Many lots of ticks either were not accompanied by host determinations or the host was merely listed as "mouse," "bird," "lizard," etc. These have not been listed below, but they are included under the discussion of each species of tick. Table 5 summarizes the information in the host lists. The ticks are listed by genera, with the number of species in each genus. The mammalian hosts are listed by order. The number of genera from which ticks have been secured is indicated for each order. For birds and reptiles we have shown the number of orders and genera from which ticks have been taken. Data for ticks from Amphibia (Bufo marinus) are not shown. The numbers in table 5 indicate the number of determined species of tick in each genus that have been taken from hosts of each order or class of animal. "A" indicates adults, "NL" nymphs and/or larvae. A query ( ?) indicates that nymphs or larvae probably belonging to the indicated genus, but not determined spe- cifically, were secured from the indicated order. In the case of nymphs and larvae, it is probable that many more species were taken than indicated, but in many cases larvae and nymphs are not determinable to species, and were not always determined to genus. Certain associations are apparent from this table. The Marsupialia are hosts to but two genera of ticks, the Edentata to but one, yet both orders are well represented in species and individuals in Panama. In Panama, the Chiroptera exceed all other orders of mammals in number of genera and species and yet they are true hosts to ticks of only two genera. The scattered records of other genera from bats probably represent strays or errors of association. The Primates, with the exception of man, are rarely attacked by ticks. We have never found ticks on wild primates in Panama ; all of our records are from animals in captivity. The Lagomorpha are represented in Panama only by one species of Syl- vilagus. These rabbits are infested by two species of ticks, Ixodes pomerantzi and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, both apparently limited to Sylvilagus in Panama. Larvae of several other genera have been taken occasionally on FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 205 TABLE 5. HOST PREFERENCES OF PANAMANIAN TICKS (by genera) (See text for detailed explanation.) Genera of ticks and number of species in each Host groups and numbers of gen- era from which ticks were col- lected : Marsupialia: 6 Insectivora: 1 Chiroptera : 14 Primates (man) Edentata: 7 Lagomorpha: 2 Rodentia: 17 Carnivora: 11 Perissodactyla : 2 Artiodactyla : 5 Reptilia: 15 (from 3 orders) Aves: 26 (from 8 orders) e a. o o 05 5/1 1/1 /I I/ A/NL A/NL A/NL A/NL A/NL A/NL A/NL A/NL A/NL A/NL 6/2 1/1 3/4 /? .. /I 2/ .. 2/ I/ .. 2/ 6/ 1 9 / /I 1/1 .. /? I/ .. 1/1 l^/ / /I 5/2 .. 1/1 I/ .. /2 6/ 3/2 .. I/ 1/1 .. /I 6/ 2/ 1/1 I/ .. 1/1 I/ 5/2 2/ 1/1 I/ 1/1 1/1 7/ 3/: 3/1 A = adults; NL = nymphs and/or larvae; ?=Probable members of indicated genus, but of undetermined species these rabbits. The record for Rhipicephalus on Lagomorpha is based on the domestic rabbit and is doubtless due to a laboratory infestation. The Insectivora are poorly represented in Panama. Only undetermined tick larvae were secured from the few specimens of shrews examined. The Rodentia are hosts to thirteen species of ticks belonging to six genera. However, probably the only species whose adults regularly parasi- tize rodents are those of Ixodes and Amblyomma, while only the earlier instars of species of the other genera listed parasitize these hosts. Again, the record of Rhipicephalus refers to a rodent (capybara) kept in heavily in- fested quarters in the laboratory. The Carnivora are hosts to adult ticks of eleven species belonging to four genera; an additional genus is recorded only from an early instar. Rhipicephalus has been taken only on domestic dogs and cats in Panama and does not belong to the native fauna. 206 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA The Perissodactyla in Panama include only the horse and tapir, but together these are hosts to eleven species of six genera of ticks. The horse is host to seven species representing three genera, the tapir to nine species belonging to four genera. Of these, Dermacentor, Ixodes, and Haema- physalis have been taken only on the tapir, Anocentor and Boophilus only on the horse. The Artiodactyla, with five genera positive for ticks, have yielded thirteen species belonging to six genera. We have not had the opportunity to examine the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu), the only large terrestrial mammal from which we have not secured ticks. The Reptilia, in Panama, are hosts to but two species of Amblyomma (three, if A. crassum actually occurs here), one on turtles and the other on a wide variety of lizards and snakes, as well as on the common toad, Bufo marinus. We have not examined any of the local Crocodilia. These are almost exclusively aquatic and not likely to be infested by ticks. The Aves are rarely hosts to adult ticks. Probably only Argas persicus and Ixodes brunneus regularly infest birds in this stage. Birds are, however, frequently attacked by larval ticks of at least one and probably several species of Amblyomma. Search of a few nests of birds such as woodpeckers and toucans, which utilize treeholes has so far not yielded any ticks. Host Specificity It is exceptional to find adults of any Panamanian species of ticks (ex- clusive of Argasidae) , parasitizing hosts of more than one class of verte- brates. Amblyomma dissimile apparently is the only tick to do so regularly, since it attacks species of both Amphibia and Reptilia. Adults of A. dis- simile and A. cajennense have also been taken occasionally on birds. It is very doubtful that these hosts are satisfactory or that they are regularly parasitized by these ticks. Most Panamanian Ixodidae do not regularly parasitize hosts of more than one order of vertebrates, though there are exceptions. Among those species of which we have adequate material, two species of Ixodes regularly parasitize mammals of more than one order. Another species has been taken once on a small marsupial, but otherwise only on rodents, while the remaining species appear to be confined to hosts of a single order. Anocentor nitens and Boophilus microplus parasitize both Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla, while Rhipicephalus sanguineus is almost restricted to dogs. It is probable that all three species of Dermacentor regularly parasitize species of but a single order of mammals. However, all have been taken as strays on members of other orders. Each of the two species of Haemaphysalis also appear to be confined to hosts of a single order, though H. leporispalustris , which is normally restricted to Lago- morpha, has been secured once from a rodent. In the dominant genus Amblyomma, with nineteen species in Panama, host selectivity varies greatly. Species such as cajennense and oblongo- guttatum occur on hosts of seven or eight different orders, while longirostre and pecarium are known from only a single species of host. The six species parasitizing Edentata are of some interest. Two, geayi and varium, are practically confined to the almost entirely arboreal sloths. Three others FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 207 calcaratum, pictum, and nodosum parasitize the less arboreal anteaters. There are two records of calcaratum from sloths. The last species, auricular- ium, is primarily a parasite of the burrowing armadillos, though it is often taken on anteaters and occasionally on hosts of other orders. Our information on the hosts of the early instars of Panamanian ticks is meager. Most species of Ornithodoros can now be determined in the larval stage, but our collections of larvae, other than of species that occur on bats, are limited. In the case of the latter, there is some indication of host preference, but whether this is due to the environmental necessities of the essentially free-living nymphs and adults, or to true host selection by the larvae is not clear from our scanty data. In the case of the Ixodidae, it has been possible to determine the larvae of Haemaphysalis and of a few species of Amblyomma. It is usually possible to place larvae of the other genera in the correct genus, though we have not critically studied all the numerous lots consisting only of nymphs and larvae. We have secured adults from engorged nymphs of numerous species. In most cases these nymphs have been taken from hosts different from those generally favored by the adults. Thus, of five reared nymphs of A. auricu- larium, three were from Philander (a marsupial) , and two from Sigmodon (a rodent). The adults are usually found on edentates (armadillos and anteaters) . All but one of the adults of H. juxtakochi obtained were from deer (Artiodactyla) but no early stages were taken from this host. On the other hand, nymphs of this tick were taken from three other species of mam- mals, two of which belong to other orders (Rodentia, Carnivora). The case of A. longirostre, a specific parasite of the lowland porcupine, Coendou rothschildi, has been noted previously by others (Aragao, 1936). We also have secured nymphs of this species, but only from birds, mostly passerines. It is almost certain that the sloth ticks, and undoubtedly other species whose early instars are seldom or never taken on the host with adults, have larval and nymphal hosts far different from those of the adult. Work on the taxonomy of the early instars is an absolute prerequisite to the solving of these problems. Abstract Forty-seven species of ticks belonging to 10 genera are recorded from Panama. Keys to genera and species are given, and host and locality records for each species are de- tailed. Extensive host lists and comments on the apparent host preferences of the genera and species are given. The altitudinal and climatic preferences of the various species of Ixodoidea are also discussed and tabulated. No new species are reported, but the follow- ing 12 species are new for the fauna of Panama : Antricola mexicanus Hoffmann, Ornitho- doros puertoricensis Fox, O. viguerasi Cooley and Kohls, Ixodes brunneus Koch, /. lasallei Mendez and Ortiz, I. loricatus Neumann, /. pomerantzi Kohls, /. tapirus Kohls, /. venezuelensis Kohls, Dermacentor halli Mclntosh, D. imitans Warburton, and Am- blyomma pictum Neumann. Ixodes calif ornicus Banks is synonymized under I. brunneus Koch, and /. scuticrenatus Vazquez under /. luciae Senevet. Amblyomma avecolens Cooley and Kohls and A. curruca Schulze are reduced to synonyms of A. longirostre Koch and A. auricularium (Conil), respectively. A. gertschi Cooley and Kohls is synonymized under A. varium Koch. 208 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA HOST-PARASITE LIST (N m nymph; L = larva) Class AMPHIBIA Order SALIENTIA Bufo marimis: 3 Amblyomma dissimile Koch (3) Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINATA Geoemyda annulata: 6 Amblyomma sabanerae Stoll (6) Geoemyda funeria: 3 Amblyomma sabanerae Stoll (2) sp., NN and LL (2) Pseudemys scripta: 3 Amblyomma sabanerae Stoll (2) dissimile Koch (1) Kinosternon sp. : 1 Amblyomma sabanerae Stoll Order SQUAMATA Iguana iguana: 18 Amblyomma dissimile Koch (16) sabanerae Stoll (2) Basiliscus basiliscus: 1 Amblyomma sp., LL Ameiva ameiva: 7 Amblyomma dissimile Koch (1) " sp., NN and/or LL (6) lizards, probably Ameiva spp. : 17 Amblyomma sp., NN and/or LL (17) Order SERPENTES Constrictor constrictor: 3 Amblyomma dissimile Koch (3) Epicrates sp. : 1 Amblyomma sp., NN and LL Spilotes pullatus: 1 Amblyomma dissimile Koch Pseustes poecilonotus : 1 Amblyomma dissimile Koch Chironius carinatus: 1 Amblyomma dissimile Koch Oxybelis sp. : 1 Amblyomma sp., N Thalerophis richardi: 1 Amblyomma sp., LL Bothrops atrox: 4 Amblyomma dissimile Koch (4) Lachesis muta: 3 Amblyomma dissimile Koch (3) Class AVES In addition to the birds listed by name below, we have a considerable number of additional lots, all Amblyomma nymphs or larvae, from unidentified birds. Thus, birds seem to be important hosts for the early stages of Amblyomma. The few records of adult Amblyomma from birds appear to be strays. Order TINAMIFORMES Crypturellus soui: 1 Amblyomma sp., L "Tinamou": 1 Ixodes brunneus Koch Order CICONIIFORMES Cochlearius cochlearius: 1 Amblyomma dissimile Koch Order FALCONIFORMES Buteo magnirostris: 1 Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) Spizaetus tyrannus: 1 Amblyomma sp., N Order GALLIFORMES Crax rubra: 2 Amblyomma oblongoguttatum Koch sp., LL Penelope purpurascens: 1 Amblyomma sp., LL domestic fowl: 2 Amblyomma sp., NN and LL chicken coops: 1 Argas persicus (Oken) FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 209 Order CUCULIFORMES Neomorphus geoffroyi salvini: 1 Argas persicus (Oken), N Order CORACIIFORMES Chloroceryle americana: 1 Amblyomma sp., LL Order PICIFORMES Malacoptila panamensis: 2 Amblyomma longirostre (Koch),NN Capito maculicoronatus : 1 Amblyomma sp., N Ramphastos sp. : 1 Amblyomma sp., N Order PASSERIFORMES Xiphorhynchus sp. : 1 Amblyomma longirostre (Koch), N Cymbilaimus lineatus: 1 Amblyomma longirostre (Koch),N Thamnophilus nigriceps: 1 Amblyomma sp., N Rhytipterna holerythra: 1 Amblyomma sp., N Querula purpurata: 1 Amblyomma longirostre (Koch), N Cacicus uropygialis microrhynchus : 2 Amblyomma longirostre (Koch), N Icterus chrysater: 1 Amblyomma longirostre (Koch), N Ramphocelus passerinii: 8 Amblyomma sp., NN Tachyphonus rufus: 1 Amblyomma sp., N Eucometis penicillata: 1 Amblyomma sp., L Saltator maximus: 1 Amblyomma longirostre (Koch), N Saltator albicollis: 1 Amblyomma longirostre (Koch), N Sporophila aurita corvina: 9 Amblyomma sp., NN Arremonops conirostris: 1 Amblyomma ovale Koch, 2 , engorged Class MAMMALIA Order MARSUPIALIA Family Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus: 4 Amblyomma geayi Neumann (1) sp., NN and/or LL (3) Monodelphis adusta: 1 Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls Marmosa robin son i: 2 Ixodes luciae Senevet, N (1) Amblyomma sabanerae Stoll (1) Philander opossum: 24 (Early records from "Philander" generally refer to Caluromys derbianus, q.v.) Ixodes luciae Senevet (6) Amblyomma auricularium (Conil) (3) geayi Neumann (1) sp., NN and/or LL (22) Metachirus nudicaudatus: 2 Ixodes loricatus Neumann (1) " sp., NN (1) Didelphis marsupial is: 43 Ixodes luciae Senevet (20) " boliviensis Neumann (3) " affinis Neumann (2) " sp., NN and/or LL (3) Amblyomma auricularium (Conil) (2) Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) (2) geayi Neumann (1) varium Koch (1) sp., NN and/or LL (20) Chironectes minimus: 1 Amblyomma oblong oguttatum Koch Order INSECTIVORA Family Soricidae Cryptotis nigrescens: 2 Dermacentor sp., L ? Ixodes sp., L Order CHIROPTERA Infestations of bats with ticks other than Ornithodoros were probably accidental. Many of the bats were caught in mist nets and rested on or near the ground for some time. Here they could easily be infested with larval ticks of other genera. In addition to the following, we have a number of records of ticks from unidentified bats. Family Emballonuridae Peropteryx macrotis: 2 Ornithodoros azteci Matheson, LL 210 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Family Noctilionidae Noctilio labialis: 7 Ornithodoros hasei (Schulze), NN and LL (7) Noctilio leporinus: 3 Ornithodoros hasei ( Schulze ),LL (3) Family Phyllostomidae Pteronotus parnellii: 1 Ornithodoros viguerasi Cooley and Kohls, LL Pteronotus psilotis: 1 Antricola mexicanus Hoffmann, LL Amblyomma sp., L Pteronotus sp. : 1 Ornithodoros viguerasi Cooley and Kohls, L Lonchorhina aurita: 2 Ornithodoros azteci Matheson, LL Tonatia silvicola: 1 Ornithodoros hasei (Schulze), L Trachops cirrhosus: 3 Ornithodoros brodyi Matheson, LL (3) hasei (Schulze), L (1) Carollia perspicillata: 4 Ornithodoros brodyi Matheson, LL (3) Amblyomma tapirellum Dunn (1) Uroderma bilobatum: 1 Ornithodoros hasei (Schulze), LL Vampyrops helleri: 2 Amblyomma cajennense ( Fabricius ),$ sp., N Ornithodoros hasei (Schulze), LL Chiroderma salvini: 1 Amblyomma sp., N Artibeus sp. : 1 Ixodes sp., L Family Desmodidae Desmodus rotundus: 2 Ornithodoros azteci Matheson, LL (1) " brodyi Matheson, L (1) Family Vespertilionidae Myotis nigricans: 3 Dermacentor halli Mclntosh, N Antricola mexicanus Hoffmann, LL (3) Family Molossidae Molossus sp. : 1 Ornithodoros hasei (Schulze), L Order PRIMATES With the exception of man, ticks are very seldom found on Primates in Panama. We have records of Amblyomma nymphs and/or larvae from one individual each of Alouatta villosa, Cebus capuchinus, and Aotus trivirgatus. Two Saguinus geoffroyi have yielded ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) in one case, and Amblyomma larva in the other. Family Hominidae Homo sapiens: 54 Our records do not generally indicate whether the ticks were attached or merely crawling on the skin or clothing. Larvae of Amblyomma species are a great pest in many areas, especially during the dry season. Amblyomma tapirellum Dunn (15) cajennense (Fabricius) (13) naponense (Packard) (1) oblong oguttatum Koch. (9) ovale Koch (7) parvum Aragao (1) sabanerae Stoll (1) Sp., NN (11) Ixodes boliviensis Neumann (4) Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (2) Dermacentor latus Cooley (2) imitans Warburton (1) Order EDENTATA Family Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophaga tridactyla: 1 Amblyomma calcaratum Neumann nodosum Neumann oblong oguttatum Koch tapirellum Dunn pictum Neumann sp., NN Tamandua tetradactyla: 30 Amblyomma calcaratum Neumann (20) nodosum Neumann (19) auricularium (Conil) (12) oblong oguttatum Koch (7) cajennense (Fabricius) (3) naponense (Packard) (1) parvum Aragao (1) sp., NN and/or LL (1) Cyclopes didactylus: 2 Amblyomma sp., NN and/or LL (2) FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 211 Family Bradypodidae Bradypus infuscatus: 35 Amblyomma geayi Neumann (35) varium Koch (12) sp., NN and/or LL (7) Choloepus hoffmanni: 25 Amblyomma varium Koch (16) geayi Neumann (12) calcaratum Neumann (2) oblong oguttatum Koch (1) Family Dasypodidae Cabassous centralis: 1 Amblyomma auricularium (Conil) Dasypus novemcinctus : 25 Amblyomma auricularium (Conil) (22) cajennense ( Fabricius ) (1) oblongoguttatumKoch (1) ovale Koch (1) sp., NN and/or LL (2) Ixodes sp., L (1) Order LAGOMORPHA Sylvilagus brasiliensis : 14 Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard) (14) Ixodes pomerantzi Kohls (3) Dermacentor sp., N (1) Amblyomma sp., N (1) Ornithodoros puertoricensis Fox, L (1) Oryctolagus cuniculus: 3 Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (3) Order RODENTIA Family Sciuridae Sciurus granatensis: 23 Ixodes tiptoni Kohls and Clifford (14) sp., probably tiptoni, LL (3) Amblyomma sp., NN and/or LL (6) Family Heteromyidae Liomys adspersus: 20 Amblyomma sp., LL (20) Heteromys sp. : 5 Amblyomma sp., NN and/or LL (3) Dermacentor sp., NN (2) Family Cricetidae Oryzomys spp. : 21 Amblyomma ovale Koch (2) sp., NN and/or LL (13) Ixodes luciae Senevet (1) Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls (1) " sp., NN and/or LL (4) Dermacentor sp., LL (1) Reithrodontomys creper and spp. : 12 Dermacentor sp., NN and/or LL (8) Amblyomma sp., LL (3) Ixodes sp., N (1) Peromyscus spp. : 23 Dermacentor sp., NN and/or LL (11) Amblyomma sp., NN and/or LL (7) Ixodes sp., NN and/or LL (5) Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard), L (1) Zygodontomys microtinus: 16 Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls (4) luciae Senevet, N Amblyomma ovale Koch, N (1) " sp., NN and/or LL (11) Scotinomys xerampelinus: 4 Ixodes sp., LL (2) Dermacentor sp., L (1) ? Amblyomma sp., L (1) Sigmodon hispidus: 40 Amblyomma auricularium (Conil), N (2) sp., N and/or LL (38) ? Ixodes sp., L (1) Family Muridae Rattus sp. : 1 Ornithodoros puertoricensis Fox, LL Family Erethizontidae Coendou mexicanus: 5 Dermacentor halli Mclntosh (5) Ixodes boliviensis Neumann (4) " sp., N and LL (2) Coendou rothschildi: 10 Amblyomma longirostre (Koch) (8) sp., NN and/or LL (5) Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, N (1) Family Hydrochaeridae Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris : 2 Amblyomma auricularium (Conil) (1) Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (1) Family Dasyproctidae Agouti paca: 10 Amblyomma pacae Aragao (6) coelebs Neumann (1) sp., NN (3) Ixodes lasallei Mendez and Ortiz (2) " sp., NN and/or LL (3) 212 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Dasyprocta punctata: 14 Ixodes lasallei Mendez and Ortiz (8) " sp., NN (1) Amblyomma oblongoguttatum Koch (3) pacae Aragao (1) sp., NN and/or LL (5) Family Echimyidae Proechimys semispinosus: 52 Amblyomma ovale Koch, NN (4) sp., NN and/or LL (48) Ixodes sp., N (1) Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, N (1) Hoplomys gymnurus: 1 Amblyomma sp., L Order CARNIVORA Family Canidae Canis familiaris: 38 Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (20) Amblyomma oblongoguttatum Koch (19) ovale Koch (9) cajennense (Fabricius) (5) auricularium (Conil) (1) " sp., NN and/or LL (5) Ixodes affinis Neumann (1) " boliviensis Neumann (15) Family Procyonidae Procyon lotor: 1 Amblyomma ovale Koch Ixodes boliviensis Neumann rubidus Neumann Procyon cancrivorus: 3 Amblyomma ovale Koch (1) oblongoguttatum Koch (1) naponense (Packard) (1) sp., NN and/or LL (2) Nasua nasua: 30 Amblyomma ovale Koch (12) oblongoguttatum Koch (10) auricularium (Conil) (1) cajennense (Fabricius) (1) naponense (Packard) (1) sp., NN and/or LL (8) Ixodes rubidus Neumann ( 1 ) boliviensis Neumann (3) " sp., NN and/or LL (2) Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley (2) Potos flavus: 1 Amblyomma sp., N Bassaricyon gabbii: 1 Ixodes rubidus Neumann Family Mustelidae Mustela frenata: 1 Ixodes rubidus Neumann Eira barbara: 4 Amblyomma ovale Koch (3) oblongoguttatum Koch (1) Ixodes rubidus Neumann (1) Galictis allamandi: 1 Amblyomma ovale Koch sp., N Conepatus semistriatus : 1 Ixodes rubidus Neumann Lutra annectens: 1 Ixodes sp., L Family Felidae Felis concolor: 1 Amblyomma ovale Koch Felis onca: 5 Ixodes boliviensis Neumann (3) affinis Neumann (2) Amblyomma ovale Koch (1) Sp., NN Felis pardalis: 4 Ixodes affinis Neumann (3) Amblyomma ovale Koch (3) sp., NN andLL (1) Felis yagouaroundi: 1 Amblyomma ovale Koch Felis cattus: 4 Amblyomma parvum Aragao (2) oblongoguttatum Koch (1) sp., NN and/or LL (2) Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (1) Ixodes boliviensis Neumann (1) Order PERISSODACTYLA Family Tapiridae Tapirus bairdii: 11 Amblyomma oblongoguttatum Koch (7) ovale Koch (6) coelebs Neumann (5) tapirellum Dunn (5) cajennense (Fabricius) (1) Sp., NN (2) Dermacentor latus Cooley (3) Ixodes boliviensis Neumann (3) tapirus Kohls (2) Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley (1) FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 213 Family Equidae Equus caballus: 43 Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) (24) oblong oguttatum Koch (17) ovale Koch (2) tapirellum Dunn (1) coelebs Neumann (1) sp., NN (1) Anocentor nitens (Neumann) (7) Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (3) (Numerous specimens of A. nitens collected by Field not included) Order ARTIODACTYLA Family Tayassuidae Tayassu tajacu: 19 Amblyomma naponense (Packard) (13) oblong oguttatum Koch (13) pecarium Dunn (7) tapirellum Dunn (5) cajennense (Fabricius) (1) sp., NN and/or LL (7) Dermacentor imitans Warburton (4) Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley (3) Family Suidae Sus scrofa: 7 Anocentor nitens (Neumann) (7) Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (3) Amblyomma oblong oguttatum Koch (3) cajennense (Fabricius) (2) " ovale Koch (2) Amblyomma tapirellum Dunn (2) coelebs Neumann (1) sp., NN (1) Family Cervidae Odocoileus virginianus: 21 Amblyomma oblong oguttatum Koch (18) cajennense (Fabricius) (1) Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley (6) Ixodes affinis Neumann (4) boliviensis Neumann (1) Anocentor nitens (Neumann) (2) Mazama americana: 5 Ixodes affinis Neumann (3) Amblyomma oblongoguttatum Koch (2) calcaratum Neumann (1) sp., NN (1) Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley (1) Family Bovidae Bos taurus: 33 Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (23) Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) (20) oblongoguttatum Koch (15) parvum Aragao (1) sp., NN and/or LL (4) Anocentor nitens (Neumann) (5) Ixodes boliviensis Neumann (4) Capra hircus: 3 Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) (1) oblongoguttatum Koch (1) Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (1) References ANASTOS, G., AND SMITH, C. 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Parasitology, 3: 408-416. NUTTALL, G. H. F., AND WARBURTON, C. 1911. Ixodidae, Section 2, The Genus Ixodes. In Ticks, a monograph of the Ixodoidea, by Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson. Cambridge University Press. Pt. 2. pp. 133-348, 4 pis. OKEN, L. 1818. Sogenannte giftige Wanze in Persien. Isis, pp. 1567-1570, pi. 19, figs. 1-4. OSORNO-MESA, E. 1941. Las garrapatas de la Republica de Colombia. Anuaro Acad. Nac. Med., 1938- 1940: 398-434. Bogota. PACKARD, A. S. 1869. List of hymenopterous and lepidopterous insects collected by the Smithsonian Expedition to South America, under Prof. James Orten; appendix to report on Articulates. Ann Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., pp. 56-69. RlNGUELET, R. 1947. La supuesta presencia de Ixodes brunneus Koch en la Argentina y descripcion de una nueva garrapata Ixodes neuquenensis nov. sp. Notas Mus. La Plata, 12: 207-216. ROBINSON, L. E. 1926. The genus Amblyomma. In Ticks, a monograph of the Ixodoidea, by Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson. Cambridge University Press. Pt. 4. pp. xii + 302, 7 pis. DE RODANICHE, E. 1953. Natural infection of the tick Amblyomma cajennense with Rickettsia rickettsii in Panama. Amer. Jour. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2: 696-699. SCHULZE, P. 1935. Zur vergleichenden Anatomic de Zecken. (Das Sternale, die Mundwerkzeuge, Analfurchen und Analbeschilderung und ihre Bedeutung, Ursprunglichkeit und Luxurieren. Zeitschr. f. Morph. u. Okol. der Tiere, 30: 1-40. 1936. Neue und wenig bekannte Amblyommen und Aponommen aus Afrika, Siida- merika, Indien, Borneo und Australien. (Ixodidae.) Zeitschr. f. Parasitenk., 8, (6), pp. 619-637. FAIRCHILD, KOHLS AND TIPTON : TICKS 219 1937. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Zeckengattung Amblyomma. Ibidem, 9, (6), pp. 690-694. . Anocentor columbianus n. g. n. sp. (Ixod.). Zool. Anz., 120, (1-2), pp. 24-27. 1941. Das Geruchsorgan der Zecken. Untersuchungen iiber die Abwandlungen eines Sinnesorgans und seine stammesgeschichtliche Bedeutung. Zeitschr. f. Morph. u. Okol. der Tiere, 37: 491-564. SENEVET, G. 1940. Quelques Ixodides de la Guyane franchise. Especies nouvelles d'lxodes et d'Amblyomma. VI Congr. Intern. Ent. pp. 891-898, Madrid (1935). STOLL, 0. 1886-1893. Arachnida Acaridea. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoologia. London, pp. v-xxi, 1-55, 21 plates. VARGAS, L. 1955. Relacion del papel patogeno de las garrapatas y lista de las especies Mexicanos. Gaceta Med. de Mexico, 85, (4-5), pp. 489-502. VAZQUEZ, L. 1946. Ixodes scuticrenatus, una especie nueva de garrapata de Mexico. An. Inst. Biol., 17, (1-2), pp. 237-245. VOGELSANG, E. G., AND BIAS, J. A. T. SANTOS. 1953. Nueva contribucion al estudio de la fauna ixodologica en Venezuela. Rev. Med. Vet. Parasit., 12, (1-4), pp. 63-89. WARBURTON, C. 1933. On five new species of ticks (Arachnida, Ixodoidea). Parasitology, 24, (4), pp. 558-568. The Chiggers of Panama (Acarina : Trombiculidae) JAMES M. BRENNAN l AND CONRAD E. YuNKER 2 Ewing (1925) described the first chigger from Panama. Fairchild (1943) prepared the first list in which he recorded eight species and was followed by Wharton and Fuller (1952) who recorded 12 species. Both in- cluded Trombicula cavernarum Ewing, 1933 and T. trifurca Ewing, 1933, known only as adults and therefore not further considered here. Brennan and Jones (1961a) added 17 new species and three new genera. The present report concerns large numbers of chiggers collected in Pan- ama (most after 1954 and the great majority from 1960 to 1962), from nearly 5000 vertebrate hosts of about 70 mammalian, 50 avian and a few reptilian species. Seventy-six species of chiggers, distributed among 29 genera, are recorded. Five of these genera and 16 species are described as new. Several other undescribed species and new genera have been rec- ognized, but are not included because of inadequate material. The active support and cooperation of the following individuals and their organizations are acknowledged : Major Vernon J. Tipton and Mr. Charles M. Keenan, Preventive Medicine Division, United States Army Caribbean ; Dr. Graham B. Fairchild and Mr. Pedro Galindo, Gorgas Memorial Labora- tory ; Dr. Nathan Gale, Veterinary Division, Canal Zone Government. They assisted the authors, either directly or indirectly, in obtaining permission to collect in the Canal Zone and the Republic of Panama, by arranging field trips, by providing transportation via land, air, and water, by provid- ing various items of essential supplies and equipment, by generously lend- ing laboratory and field personnel, and by collecting many vertebrate hosts and their parasites. For specimens collected after May 1960, identifications of Panamanian * 2 U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Na- tional Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and Middle America Research Unit, Ancon, Canal Zone. 221 222 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA reptiles were by Mr. Hymen Marx, Chicago Natural History Museum; of birds by Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Smithsonian Institution; of mammals by Dr. Charles 0. Handley, United States National Museum. We are un- able to credit accurately host determinations prior to 1960, although Dr. Handley identified many of the mammals collected since 1957. Holotypes of all new species are deposited in the Rocky Mountain Lab- oratory (RML). Paratypes are deposited there and in the United States National Museum, the British Museum (Natural History), and the Chicago Natural History Museum, as indicated. If not otherwise indicated, collecting of new forms is credited to organ- izations: Environmental Health Branch, Preventive Medicine Division, United States Army Caribbean (EHB) ; Middle America Research Unit (MARU). KEY TO PANAMANIAN GENERA 1. Leg I with six segments; coxa I with two setae; spiracles and tracheae pres- ent; scutum with six setae (Leeuwenhoekiinae) 2 Leg I with seven segments; coxa I with one seta; spiracles and tracheae ab- sent ; scutum with three, four, five, or seven setae 3 2. Scutum with anteromedian projection; cheliceral blade with series of teeth Odontacarus Ewing Scutum without anteromedian projection ; cheliceral blade with tricuspid cap only Sasacarus Brennan and Jones 3(1). Scutum with a pair of anterosubmedian setae (Apoloniinae) . .Vargatula n. gen. Scutum with a single anteromedian seta (Trombiculinae) 4 4. Sensillae expanded 5 Sensillae flagelliform 18 5. With dorsal platelets in addition to scutum. . Polylopadium Brennan and Jones Without additional dorsal platelets 6 6. PL'S and most dorsal setae broad-foliate Cordiseta Hoffmann PL'S and dorsal setae not foliate 7 7. Sensillae with elongate flagelliform setules, parasitic on bats Perissopalla Brennan and White Sensillae without flagelliform setules 8 8. Cheliceral blades with tricuspid cap only or a single minute subapical dorsal tooth or hook 9 Cheliceral blades with one or a series of dorsal teeth plus tricuspid cap 16 9. Posterior margin of scutum obsolescent or absent; coxa II with two setae; intranasal habitat Kymocta Yunker and Brennan Posterior margin of scutum present; coxa II with one seta; habitat not intra- nasal 10 10. Tarsi with nude subapical setae; sensillae slightly expanded, but with large swollen setules, parasitic on bats Speleocola Lipovsky Tarsi without nude subapical setae; sensillae greatly expanded; setules not swollen 11 11. Integumental striae encroaching on posterior half of scutum Neoschoengastia Ewing Scutum without striae 12 12. Leg segmentation 7-7-7 ; ventral humeral setae absent 13 Leg segmentation usually 7-6-6, rarely 7-7-6 or 7-7-7 in which cases ventral humeral setae are always present, but may be present or absent if leg segmentation is 7-6-6 14 13. PL'S extrascutal Ascoschoengastia Ewing PL'S on scutum Euschoengastia Ewing BRENNAN AND YUNKER : CHIGGERS 223 14 (12) . Ventral humeral setae and parasubterminala present Pseudoschoengastia Lipovsky Ventral humeral setae and parasubterminala absent 15 15. PL'S on scutum; genualae II and III absent; intradermal habitat Intercutestrix n. gen. PL'S off scutum; genualae II and III present; habitat not intradermal Vanidicus Brennan and Jones 16(8). Cheliceral blade with one dorsal tooth in addition to tricuspid cap; genualae II and III present; habitat intranasal Blix n. gen. Cheliceral blade with a series of dorsal teeth; genualae II and III absent. ... 17 17. Ventral humeral setae present; cheliceral blade sharply curved; palpal tibial claw bifurcate; scutum subquadrate; intranasal habitat. . .Myxacarus n. gen. Ventral humeral setae absent; cheliceral blade nearly straight; palpal tibial claw trif urcate ; scutum much wider than deep ; habitat not intranasal .... Aniatrus Brennan and Jones 18(4). With seven scutal setae Hoffmannina Brennan and Jones With five scutal setae 19 19. PL'S off scutum Tecomatlana Hoffmann PL'S on scutum 20 20. Palpal tibial claw with a single prong 21 Palpal tibial claw with two or three prongs 23 21. Eyes large, 2/2, in a plate ; anterior scutal setae branched ; sensillae branched ; a mastitarsala III; habitat not intranasal Crotiscus Ewing Eyes absent or only a single reduced pair; anterior scutal setae nude; sensillae nude or with few vestigial barbs; no mastitarsala III; intranasal habitat, on bats 22 22. Scutum cuneiform; eyes absent; all leg segments with one or more elongate nude setae; palpal femur greatly enlarged Alexfainia Yunker and Jones Scutum subquadrate; eyes 1/1 ; leg segments without nude setae; palpal femur not enlarged Vergrandia Yunker and Jones 23(20). With a mastifemorala I; basifemora and telofemora semi-fused to fused; in- tranasal, on bats Perates Brennan and Dalmat Without a mastifemorala I; basifemora and telofemora not fused, but dis- tinctly articulated 24 24. Cheliceral blade with hood-like serrate distal expansion ; posterior margin of scutum with a sharp median tip; on bats Beamerella Brennan Cheliceral blade otherwise, usually with a subapical dorsal tooth or a tricuspid cap ; posterior margin of scutum without a tip, although it may be angulate . 25 25. Scutum cuneiform with a medially cleft posterior margin; all scutal setae nude; coxae II and III multisetose; intranasal habitat; on rodents Crotonasis n. gen. Scutum not cuneiform and without a cleft posterior margin; all scutal setae branched ; coxae II and III unisetose ; habitat not intranasal 26 26. Palpal claw bifurcate, accessory prong inner and ventral. . Eutrombicula Ewing Palpal claw normally trifurcate, but if bifurcate, accessory prong outer and dorsal 27 27. Mastitarsala III present; three genualae I; scutum deep, frequently pentag- onal, the AL'S never in anterolateral angles and usually set considerably behind margin; sensillae branched; palpal femoral seta branched; on birds Blankaartia Oudemans Without the above combination of characters 28 28. Mastitarsala III absent; two genualae I; scutum roughly rectangular, the AL'S always in anterolateral angles; sensillae branched; palpal femoral, genual, and tibial setae nude ; galeal seta branched Leptotrombidium Nagayo et al. Without the above combination of characters Trombicula Berlese 224 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Genus Odontacarus Ewing Odontacarus Ewing, 1929, Man. Ext. Parasites, p. 188. Type-species: Trombicula dentata Ewing, 1925. KEY TO PANAMANIAN SPECIES Tarsus III with a tarsala chiapanensis (Hoffmann) Tarsus III without a tarsala fieldi Brennan and Jones Odontacarus chiapanensis (Hoffmann) Acomatacarus chiapanensis Hoffmann, 1948, Rev. Inst. Salub. Enferm. Trop., 9, (3), pp. 179-182, figs. 6-11. Twenty-nine specimens off (5) Proechimys semispinosus, Almirante (Bocas del Toro), 22 to 27 January and 16 July 1960. First Panamanian records. Odontacarus fieldi Brennan and Jones Odontacarus fieldi Brennan and Jones, 1961, Jour. Parasit., 47, (1), pp. 105-106, fig. 1. Seventy specimens identified from 28 lots. Hosts: BIRDS, Neomorphus geoffroyi salvini, Odontophorus erythrops; MAMMALS, Didelphis marsu- pialis, Proechimys semispinosus, Liomys adspersus, Sciurus granatensis, Sigmodon hispidus, Zygodontomys microtinus, Felis pardalis. Localities : Cacao Plantation, Summit, and Miraflores (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Pirre (Dar- ien) ; Cerro Campana (Panama) ; Isla Bastimentos (Bocas del Toro) ; Cerro Hoya (Los Santos). Active throughout the year. See Brennan and Jones (1961a) for other Panamanian records. Genus Sasacarus Brennan and Jones Sasacarus Brennan and Jones, 1959, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 52, (1), p. 8. Type-species : Chatia furmani Hoffmann, 1954. Sasacarus furmani (Hoffmann) Chatia furmani Hoffmann, 1954, Ann. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol. Mex., 8, (1-2), pp. 17-20, figs. 1-4. Sixty-eight specimens identified from 30 lots. Hosts: Didelphis mar- supialis, Proechimys semispinosus, Heteromys desmarestianus. Local- ities: Pina, Gamboa Road, Fort Gulick, and France Field, (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Azul (Panama) ; Bocas del Toro Province. First records for Panama. Sporadic collections, 1954 to 1962, November to April, suggest peak ac- tivity during the dry season. The Panamanian form differs from the typical form in that tarsala II is noticeably thicker and not longer than tarsala I. Vargatula, new genus Type-species : Vargatula hispida, new species. DIAGNOSIS : Apoloniine larvae with anterolateral, paired submedian, and displaced posterolateral scutal setae ; sensillae flagellif orm, branched. Che- liceral blades with minute dorsal tooth. Palpal tarsus with five branched BRENNAN AND YUNKER : CHIGGERS 225 setae, a subterminala, and a tarsala; tibial claw trifurcate. Eyes absent. No genuala II and no specialized setae on leg III. Differs from the other three genera of the subfamily Apoloniinae ( Whar- ton and Fuller, 1952) in lacking an anteromedian scutal projection. Vargatula hispida. new species. Figure 12. DIAGNOSIS : Scutum cuneiform, apex posterior, sensillae branched. One genuala I, no genualae II and III, no tibiala III, no parasubterminala. Coxal setae 1-2-1. Palpal setae branched. Dorsal, sternal, and ventral setae numerous. DESCRIPTION : Idiosoma. Ellipsoidal. Length and width of holotype, nearly engorged, 515 by 290 /j.. Eyes absent. Anus at about the eighth row of ventral setae. Scutum. As figured, cuneiform, moderately punctate, two pairs of pores at lateral margins in posterior half of scutum. Setae with long coarse branches. Sensillae branched to base. Measure- FIG. 12. Vargatula hispida, new species. Scutum. Palpal tarsus and tibia. Cheliceral blade. Specialized setae of legs I and II, with measurements in microns. ments of holotype : AW 41, SB 13, ASB 29, PSB 15, AM 12, AL 17, PL 32, s 24 /*. Gnathosoma. Punctate. Capitular sternum transversely rugose. Cheliceral blade nearly straight, with minute dorsal tooth. Galeal seta nude. Palpal setae B/B/BBB; claw trifurcate; tarsus with five branched setae, a subterminala, and a tarsala. Legs. Punctate. Specialized setae as figured. No pretarsala II. Non-specialized setae coarsely branched. Coxa I with one, II with two, and III with one branched setae. Empodia elongate, nearly filiform. Body setae. Dorsal setae thickened and becoming thicker and longer posteriorly, heavily branched, 17 to 40 /*, four or five humerals on each side plus about 110 dorsals. Ventral setae, 12 to 16 sternals arranged 2-2 plus a fairly uniform group at the level of coxae III, and about 150 ventrals. Postanals similar to dorsals. TYPE MATERIAL : Holotype and 10 paratypes, RML no. 44425, off Dasypus novemcinctus, Paraiso (Canal Zone), 12 February 1962; 4 paratypes, same host and locality, 27 February and 26 March 1962, MARU. Holotype in the collection of the Rocky Mountain Laboratory. Paratypes in the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, United States National Museum, Chicago Natural History Mu